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Questions related from Robert Shour
On an article about individual human capacities, instead of repeatedly writing `the individual’, is there something more compact that you can suggest? How about `the I”? Or Greek iota? Or...
03 March 2024 8,959 0 View
From September 2005 until June 2007 I looked for the base of a logarithmic function to model information distribution in a network. In June 2007 I found a formula C log (n) where the base of the...
10 March 2019 2,574 0 View
If this question makes sense (I don’t know if it does) the answer could enable comparison to determination of such efficiency on theoretical grounds. A 2000 article by He et al, ATP consumption...
04 November 2018 7,549 3 View
Kleiber’s Law has basal metabolism for constant temperature animals Y vary as M^3/4 for animal mass M. This 3/4 metabolic scaling keeps cellular temperature constant because the 4/3 scaling of the...
01 November 2018 10,020 3 View
Kleiber’s Law states that (basal) metabolism varies as a 3/4 power of mass. It is based on the researches of Max Kleiber who studied animal physiology. It probably first appeared in an article he...
04 September 2018 6,897 2 View
Galileo wrote Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche Intorno a Due Nuove Scienze in Italian). It is presented as a three way discussion, among Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio....
09 August 2018 2,573 5 View
Typically in text books on a subject the presentation is by way of exposition. The reader in effect has an experience analogous to that of a person reading a story. There is the writer...
09 August 2018 9,452 5 View
Sometimes human beings anthropomorphize Nature. What did Nature have in mind? Or, how did Nature arrange that? Or, what trick does Nature have up her sleeve? As if Nature were animated by a vast...
08 August 2018 2,781 2 View
Physically Similar Systems: A History of the Concept is a chapter in the Springer Handbook of Model-Based Science by S. G. Sterrett. It is an interesting history. The principle behind similar...
05 August 2018 3,170 1 View
Lost in Math is a recently published book by Sabine Hossenfelder that argues that elegance, beauty and naturalness are vague gauges of the plausibility of theories in physics even though many...
06 July 2018 1,269 70 View
If networked people are faster solving problems than one, does the same apply to computers? Are there necessary constraints for this problem? Is there any benefit to knowing the answer to this...
31 May 2018 2,991 5 View
Analogies suggest that compression explains increasing average IQs. Collectively, software engineers improve the efficiency of data compression software. Language encodes (compresses) perceptions,...
04 May 2018 8,487 6 View
Energy the Subtle Concept by Jennifer Coopersmith was published around 2015. Her book shows that the question, what is energy, is not entirely settled. I don’t here mean E = mv^2. A question not...
26 April 2018 1,264 30 View
The great mathematician David Hilbert set out twenty-three important problems in mathematics in 1900. One of the famous outstanding ones is the Riemann zeta hypothesis. One might argue that once a...
17 April 2018 4,478 9 View
An article in March/ April 2018 MIT Technology Review magazine, The race to invent the artificial leaf, is an excerpt from a book by Varun Sivaram called Taming the Sun. The excerpt mentions the...
05 March 2018 7,738 2 View
Homogeneity and isotropy are attributed to dark energy. Moreover, some authors suggest that dark energy is consistent over time. Those characteristics are consistent with the perfect cosmological...
27 December 2017 4,652 8 View
This question arises partly out of the question, Could dark energy revive the cosmological steady state theory? Steven Weinberg in his article The cosmological constant problem, shows that...
27 December 2017 9,407 20 View
Is it expanding into crevices in existing 3 dimensional space? Is it creating space? If so, how does an expansion clone the features of our existing 3 dimensions when it creates new space? If new...
19 December 2017 5,136 40 View
Or is there a more fundamental attribute of the universe that leads to our measurement and perception of the effects of gravity? Here is a link to a page that discusses this....
05 December 2017 1,413 6 View
Andrey Kolmogorov famously wrote three terse papers in 1941 on turbulence. They were published in an English translation in 1991 by Royal Society Publishing. At p. 13 in the first paper and at p....
27 November 2017 2,228 3 View
A Different Approach to Cosmology by Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge and Jayant Narlikar (2000) reviews the ideas behind cosmological inflation. Do their points that are critical have merit? They...
08 November 2017 9,085 20 View
Ryden in her Introduction to Cosmology mentions acoustic oscillation at p. 167. From her account, it appears that the oscillation is, partly at least, an inference based on the use of the fluid...
07 November 2017 7,688 2 View
If the notion of intelligence is vague, what then is an IQ test measuring? Does IQ indirectly measure social advantages? or collective intelligence?
29 October 2017 214 5 View
These are examples of the 4/3 law so called by Hunt 1998. Lewis Fry Richardson’s 1926 measurements of wind eddies and Kolmogorov’s 1941 proof. John James Waterston’s 1845 on a gravitating plane....
19 October 2017 6,384 1 View
Tom Wolfe’s 2016 article in Harper’s, The Origins of Speech, mentions Chomsky's idea of a language organ as explaining the emergence of language. Are there arguments based on principle,...
17 October 2017 9,349 12 View
Since 1998 general relativity has failed to account for dark energy. Perhaps instead a theory of dark energy is needed to account for gravity. John James Waterston in 1845 in the early days of...
08 October 2017 2,773 35 View
GR does not mesh with quantum dynamics yet. GR and modified theories of gravity cannot explain dark energy. GR is complex; that suggests it is not as fundamental and simple as iteration and...
05 October 2017 2,241 29 View
If time’s dimensionality is similar to or the same as the dimensionality of a direction in 3 dimensional space, then what is the underlying nature of time? Minkowski’s space time concept implies...
17 September 2017 2,317 25 View
This question is raised by my friend BP. On the one hand lockdowns inhibit disease spread. On the other hand, pending world-wide vaccination, lockdowns might allow the virus more time to mutate....
01 January 1970 5,763 5 View
A question related to our cultural indebtedness to our mathematical forbears.
01 January 1970 6,097 18 View
COVID-19 has been found in mammals in the wild, and in domesticated mammals. What about birds?
01 January 1970 3,618 15 View
In kinetic theory, physics does not try to map all the paths of a molecule. Instead kinetic theory uses a statistical analysis of possibly available energy distributions. So why in networks do...
01 January 1970 4,660 3 View
Globe and Mail, Toronto. December 30, 2020 Page 3, from the article: Fears of a “twindemic” have not materialized this year, with hardly any cases of flu in Canada this season, while COVID-19...
01 January 1970 852 11 View
The Declaration is found at https://gbdeclaration.org/, The website has a helpful FAQ. The John Snow Memorandum, published in The Lancet takes a somewhat contrary position. What's right and what's...
01 January 1970 6,957 22 View
If there are, are they easily available to governments, health authorities and members of the public? Commercial software sold in stores in the 1980s on floppy discs included how to manuals....
01 January 1970 5,859 3 View
Or is the concept inapplicable? If it were applicable, could statistical mechanical methods apply? Does entropy?
01 January 1970 7,257 6 View
The March 5 2020 issue of The Economist magazine has an article, Coping with the pandemic involves all of government, not just the health system, that mentions COVID-19 doubling every 5 or 6...
01 January 1970 828 6 View
Networking brains via language enables civilization, which increases human survivability. If singleton brains are insufficient to create civilization, then language is necessary for humans to...
01 January 1970 3,882 3 View
On the website https://foglets.com/ , a website about computers and computation, in an article Computation Power: Human Brain vs Supercomputer, there is this statement: "The brain is both hardware...
01 January 1970 1,698 8 View
Parallelism is said to be an important difference between digital and human brain computation? If brains can use dimensional capacity to obtain computational advantages (if they do) then can...
01 January 1970 9,519 2 View
If pandemics occur regularly in society, should children be educated about them as part of the core curriculum and should they be taught how to respond, behave and cope during a pandemic?
01 January 1970 1,549 27 View
The provenance of this question is from page 152 of Entropy - God's Dice Game by Kafri: “How can links be optimally distributed between nodes?” For a static network, energy efficiency might be...
01 January 1970 3,391 1 View
Instances of the 4th dimension include: Time in Minkowski’s space-time (Raum und Zeit). As flow or motion in various 4/3 laws. But: In a space-time distance, time squared is preceded by a sign...
01 January 1970 8,829 7 View
Is time a measure of the counting of some other, more fundamental, feature of the universe, perhaps entropy as it relates to energy in the universe?
01 January 1970 8,617 8 View
Bruce M. Boghosian in the November 2019 issue of Scientific American (p. 73) writes about wealth distribution. Using math and physics, it seems that a slight perturbation to a symmetric or...
01 January 1970 2,773 2 View
Theoretical physics is often distinguished from experimental physics. Is the philosophy of physics written by philosophers, and theoretical physics something physicists do? What are the...
01 January 1970 2,364 44 View
Or not. Harry Jerison in his 1991 book Brain Size and the Evolution of Mind, at p. 89 has: Mind is a necessary brain adaptation that organizes otherwise unmanageable amounts of neural...
01 January 1970 1,248 3 View
This question does not relate to philosophical romanticism applied to science that had some currency in the 1800s. Roughly it seems that scientific romanticism differed from enlightenment by...
01 January 1970 9,694 28 View
Sometimes, perhaps, the largest impediment to solving a problem, in general and in physics, is the framing of the question in the context of widely accepted implicit, or unstated or assumed...
01 January 1970 2,796 9 View
In Nature in 1971, volume 233, page 357, W. H. Brock reviewed a book by Robert Fox, The Caloric Theory of Gases from Lavoisier to Regnault, published by Oxford U. The reviewer begins with this...
01 January 1970 8,246 3 View
Is a physical basis that necessarily requires constancy of the speed of light a logical impossibility, or is the constancy of the speed of light the result of ideas not yet found or applied? Does...
01 January 1970 7,114 8 View
The is a followup to the preceding question: Are expanding (or the accelerating expansion of) space (dark energy) and the big bang connected?
01 January 1970 7,830 15 View
Sometimes I have found an inconsistency gives a helpful clue of how to improve a theoretical investigation. Early on I viewed mistakes as hurdles. I still think they are hurdles but have many...
01 January 1970 7,706 25 View
Is a theoretical physicist, believing a hypothesis true, ethically obliged to advocate for it? Is there an obligation running from physicist to theory? Is it a desire to repay in some measure...
01 January 1970 7,379 24 View
Some excerpts from the article Comparing methods for comparing networks Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 17557 (2019) By Mattia Tantardini, Francesca Ieva, Lucia Tajoli & Carlo...
01 January 1970 1,967 2 View
Is that right? (From an article, Using graph theory to analyze biological networks.) Things flow in biological systems: energy, nutrients, blood, air, as examples. A graph is a set of points with...
01 January 1970 7,835 5 View
See for example, Statistical mechanics of networks, Physical Review E 70, 066117 (2004). The architecture and topology of networks seem analogous to graphs. Perhaps though the significant aspect...
01 January 1970 4,592 3 View
Economic growth increases if the educated population increases and knowledge increases? There is an argument that an equation for economic growth should be based on thermodynamics: more energy...
01 January 1970 6,544 7 View
This question is prompted by the books review in the September 2020 Physics Today of The Evolution of Knowledge: Rethinking Science for the Anthropocene, by Jürgen Renn. I suspect that there is...
01 January 1970 967 1 View
Likely it is too early to say. There must have been some aspects of caloric theory that gave it an aura of plausibility. Unfortunately, a 1971 book by Robert Fox, The Caloric Theory of Gases from...
01 January 1970 2,151 3 View
Lazare Carnot, the father of Sadi Carnot who laid the foundations of thermodynamics with his 1824 monograph on the motive power of heat, authored the 1786 Essai sur les machines en général. Since...
01 January 1970 4,944 2 View
Canada for example, has a population of about 35 million people. Suppose there are 10 million cell phones (probably there are more) at an average cost of about $1,000 (probably the average price...
01 January 1970 4,946 2 View
As to chaos theory and disease spread see for example: Chaos theory applied to the outbreak of COVID-19: an ancillary approach to decision making in pandemic context Epidemiol Infect. 2020; 148:...
01 January 1970 375 12 View
There is a concept of viral load. Viral load has been considered in connection with HIV (Impact of viral load and the duration of primary infection on HIV transmission: systematic review and...
01 January 1970 6,248 8 View
Is Taiwan proof of that? Philip Johnston in The Telegraph April 21, 2020 wrote under the headline, The Government had a plan to fight this pandemic – but it lost its nerve. He says the...
01 January 1970 4,595 7 View
This question is without regard to engineering, chemical and biological questions included in it. A universal testing device, small, light, portable and inexpensive to make, plugs into cell...
01 January 1970 7,630 5 View
Have there been any studies?
01 January 1970 1,816 65 View
This question relates to the question, Is it possible to catch COVID-19 twice? Acquired immunity might slow the spread of COVID-19 or provide some protection from re-infection for those who...
01 January 1970 6,239 20 View
Will more people die of causes other than COVID-19 because hospital treatment capacities are overwhelmed by COVID-19? The concern here is with the COVID-19 mortality rate, which is not determined....
01 January 1970 475 7 View
One reason for posting this question is to hope that by following this question it is possible to keep up on developments pertaining to this question. An article in a health magazine, Stat, by...
01 January 1970 507 49 View
This question has medical and social aspects. It kind of relates to my interest in network distribution of information and the thermodynamics of networks, since the spread of disease is among...
01 January 1970 3,163 36 View
Carroll and Ostlie in An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, second edition at page 1099 remark: “Cosmological redshifts are caused by the expansion of the space through which the light travels,...
01 January 1970 6,139 4 View
The article Quantum Leap in Scientific American August 2020 issue, by Spiridos Michalakis, page 50, following the title, reads in part: How can a quantum phenomenon become macroscopic? Amend the...
01 January 1970 7,244 2 View
Suppose there is a static 3 dim space and a dynamic changing 4 dim space. Without that supposition, lots of problems in physics remain puzzles. With it, lots of puzzles are easily resolved. Energy...
01 January 1970 8,029 2 View
An article I posted March 5, 2020 is called The Theory of constant cosmic expansion. The idea is that there is a general and universal law of dimensional capacity. In particular the ratio of...
01 January 1970 5,843 2 View
In big bang cosmology, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric is considered, it seems, a generic property of the universe only on large scales. But if the metric applies over all time, then it...
01 January 1970 6,632 4 View
A body thrown up, stalling and falling back in Earth’s gravitational field accelerates towards Earth. No new energy is created, it is potential energy converted into kinetic energy. Space...
01 January 1970 10,107 16 View
The universe expands. Entropy increases. In an article on the arrow of time, Thomas Gold suggested the two are related (p. 86, 1958 Solvay Institute, The structure and evolution of the universe)....
01 January 1970 5,492 8 View
Why did Galileo build his analysis of the strength of animal bone for an animal of increased weight from a scaling standpoint and not a dimensional standpoint? The scaling he used is induced by...
01 January 1970 7,181 9 View
The FLRW metric assumes homogeneity and isotropy of the cosmos. Homogeneity and isotropy of the cosmos is only valid to about one part in 100,000. If dark energy is homogeneous and isotropic at...
01 January 1970 544 2 View
SN1A are measured at different distances depending on whether redshift or luminosity is used. Might the situation instead be that the universe has two reference frames, so the same object is...
01 January 1970 7,032 7 View
That is a question implicit in the article Size, scaling, and invariant ratios: Size, scaling, and invariant ratios In effect, if inferences in the article applied, the cosmological constant...
01 January 1970 5,988 1 View
Even implicitly? My recollection is that in the Euclidean approach lines could not be added to squares because different geometric objects can't be added. Which makes sense when the conceptual...
01 January 1970 6,953 9 View
So far, say at the end of February 2019, no one seems to have explained how the current laws of physics explain what is called the accelerating expansion of the universe, or dark energy....
01 January 1970 944 5 View
Dimension is fundamental. Was it present at creation of the universe? Did it play a role in creation of the universe?
01 January 1970 8,986 10 View
Can one suppose that cosmogenesis must occur in an optimally energy efficient way? As if there is a cosmological principle of least action? Analogous to isoperimetric problems, does the universe...
01 January 1970 3,615 3 View
The ergodic hypothesis supposes that for an ensemble all possible states can occur over a sufficiently long period of time (which can be very long). Everett’s many worlds hypothesis supposes that...
01 January 1970 8,668 3 View
Why Q1/T1 = Q2/T2? Clausius in his 1867 text on the mechanical theory of heat writes (p. 120, Fourth Memoir): “This compression is continued until K_2 [heat sink] has received the same quantity of...
01 January 1970 9,135 3 View
Do you have an anecdote from your experience or about another physicist that you can share? A story about how a physics idea can happen? Are there books or articles that collect such stories?
01 January 1970 6,499 5 View
As applied to physics, the source is a mathematically described process and the target is one without a mathematically described process or without a mathematically described process known to the...
01 January 1970 7,765 3 View
Thank you to KG for bringing this to my attention this evening. Colby Cosh In the National Post March 21, 2020: “If you take drugs for high blood pressure, you might have noticed some nervous...
01 January 1970 2,507 5 View
This might be considered a worst case scenario. Repeated strikes by such a virus would scythe defenseless new victims each time, leaving fewer and fewer survivors. For the species to survive,...
01 January 1970 5,993 3 View
Here are examples of problems involving dimension. (1) Galileo observed that weight in 3 dimensions puts pressure on the 2 dimensions of cross-sectional area of bone. He examines the issue from a...
01 January 1970 7,143 33 View
Does the completeness of knowledge recede from view the more we learn? As new fields of study open, whole new arrays of problems present themselves. For example, the development of electronic...
01 January 1970 10,073 4 View
Matt Ridley wrote The Rational Optimist in 2010 about humanity’s material and intellectual progress. Steven Pinker’s Enlightenment Now was published in 2018 with some similar observations. Does...
01 January 1970 2,153 1 View
The principle of dimensional capacity can be characterized two ways. (1) A given amount of energy divides equally among available dimensions for homologous differently dimensioned systems. (2) If...
01 January 1970 4,468 3 View
In the question, Why is entropy a concept difficult to understand? (November 2019) Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández commences his reply as follows: "The first thing we have to understand is that...
01 January 1970 7,899 7 View
A good introduction to the fluid equation is in Introduction to Cosmology by Barbara Ryden (references here to 1st edition). The idea is that the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of...
01 January 1970 3,904 1 View
For example, suppose a person has been exposed to COVID-19 but is asymptomatic. If the person on the same piece of exercise equipment produces less calories for a fixed amount of time than...
01 January 1970 2,898 12 View
Thomas Kuhn in the Structure of Scientific Revolutions writes (p. 89, Second Edition): "crisis simultaneously loosens the stereotypes and provides the incremental data necessary for a fundamental...
01 January 1970 3,158 14 View
This remark appears, for example, in a book Hiding in the Mirror by Lawrence Krauss, page 231. A number of questions arise in regards to this remark. If the mechanism that leads to dark energy, so...
01 January 1970 2,336 3 View
Is it sometimes worthwhile to try to unpack the mathematics? By that, I mean to say, to look at what the mathematics is doing symbolically and try to relate it to what is physically happening to...
01 January 1970 3,657 63 View
Is it possible that the assumption of the FLRW metric is creating a hurdle to the analysis of dark energy?
01 January 1970 9,635 7 View
H is the Hubble constant. Suppose that there is a 3 dim reference frame and a 4 dim reference frame. The 4 dim reference frame consists of 3 dim space + 1 dim motion (light motion). The ratio of...
01 January 1970 5,420 3 View
This is a speculation I mentioned in a 2012 article on isotropy on arxiv, and in an allometry article also on arxiv (v17) in 2015 and in some earlier versions. Though as yet there is no theory of...
01 January 1970 2,064 10 View
Physical insight can suggest a principle which in turn leads to mathematical modeling. Example might include Newton extending the falling of an apple to towards Earth’s center, to the Moon falling...
01 January 1970 3,296 1 View
Conversely, what attributes of the physical universe do attributes of the natural logarithm model? For example, the exponential function based on the natural logarithm has itself as its...
01 January 1970 1,225 3 View
See for example and for comparison. Gabora, L., & Russon, A. (2011). The evolution of human intelligence. In R. Sternberg & S. Kaufman (Eds.),The Cambridge handbook of intelligence (pp....
01 January 1970 4,299 4 View
Can you give examples? A comment in a related discussion prompted this question. In the discussion, https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_it_worthwhile_reading_old_and_really_old_science_articles,...
01 January 1970 4,822 22 View
About June 2007 I found that the mean path length in steps could scale lexical growth. It was impossible not to notice a curious aspect of the log formula, C log (n) (network entropy) that used...
01 January 1970 660 3 View
The problem of self-interaction effects and errors arises in studies of, for example, anions, electrons, atoms and molecules. It also arises in developing a theory of network effects in connection...
01 January 1970 1,184 3 View
Bolisani, E. & Bratianu, C. The Elusive Definition of Knowledge Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, 2018, 1-22, explores various definitions of knowledge. If knowledge is acquired...
01 January 1970 6,807 13 View
Is the answer known? Is it safe to read delivered and purchased newspapers and magazines?
01 January 1970 1,273 13 View
This is a followup question to: Is innovation in decline because of inadequate incentives? The Economist February 27, 20120 issue in the Free Exchange column alludes to an article, Are Ideas...
01 January 1970 8,462 7 View
The Economist February 27, 20120 issue in the Free Exchange column which appears in the magazine’s Finance and Economics section, has an article: How to get more innovation bang for the research...
01 January 1970 7,601 3 View
Can a larger computer slow down processing compared to a smaller computer to reduce production of heat? If the question itself makes sense.
01 January 1970 4,888 1 View
Recent research suggests human brains have about 86 billion neurons (the previous estimate was about 100 billion). Suppose a social insect has 1 million neurons. A community of 86,000 such insects...
01 January 1970 3,723 4 View
Which would be inverse to the way metabolism scales according to Kleiber’s Law, that is, inverse to the way metabolism scales as mass to a 3/4 exponent? Which would be inverse to the way...
01 January 1970 6,796 7 View
My friend BP points out that much of government disease mitigation was directed to avoid overwhelming of health services. Assume he is correct. Countries around the world responded with different...
01 January 1970 447 6 View
In anthropomorphic terms, is lethality a tactical feint obscuring an even greater danger? As of June 29, 2020 over 10 million people are confirmed as infected. Over 500 thousand people have died....
01 January 1970 8,049 12 View
The question arises in the following way: In response to the question on RG posed earlier, "Can animals in the wild catch COVID-19?" R. T. Corlett replied in part: “This shows that wild-caught...
01 January 1970 7,465 6 View
In Table 1 of an article, Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents, by G. Kampf, D. Todt, S. Pfaender, E. Steinmann that appeared online...
01 January 1970 1,927 4 View
Since government competency is doubtful, should citizens insist on the ability to appraise governance? Should there be contract transparency, to inhibit and eventually eliminate procurement abuse...
01 January 1970 8,472 2 View
Are there any studies?
01 January 1970 7,480 5 View
Some recent articles and health experts (an article in the Daily Mail may have reported on this) have states that it is pointless to restrict travel. Is that an accurate statement? For example,...
01 January 1970 5,703 4 View
COVID-19 having spread so widely around the world, what practical good arises from a WHO declaration of pandemic? Is coordinated containment more useful than declarations? Is there international...
01 January 1970 2,554 2 View
Or not? In The Great Influenza by John Barry at p. 340, about government controlling fear, writes: "They could not control it because every true report had been diluted with lies." At page 460, he...
01 January 1970 9,430 33 View
For example, switching to the Earth revolving around the Sun from the Sun revolving around the Earth improved modeling of the solar system. Switching from assuming differences in the speed of...
01 January 1970 5,055 2 View
The quote is: It is unbelievable How simple and straightforward Each Result appears Once it has been found And how difficult, As long as the way which leads to it is unknown. The quote appears in...
01 January 1970 5,742 6 View
This question requires explanation. Discussion on the second day of Galileo’s Two Chief World Systems raises the point. Simplicio, taking the position of those opposed to Copernicus, doubts the...
01 January 1970 7,042 1 View
From the 1998 book Seeing Red by Halton Arp, at page 274. Is that consistent with nullius in verba? Do you agree with Halton Arp?
01 January 1970 6,253 13 View
Or book if that is the case?
01 January 1970 5,159 3 View
In The Great Influenza by John Barry at p. 340, about government controlling fear he writes: "They could not control it because every true report had been diluted with lies." In the third week of...
01 January 1970 5,425 0 View
Similarly, are there books and articles on examples of generalization in physics?
01 January 1970 7,869 8 View
Edward A. Rundquist was first, in 1936, to report increases in average IQs, in the journal School and Society. In his article he refers to a Master’s Thesis at the University of Minnesota by Fred...
01 January 1970 8,823 2 View
And can you reference articles or texts giving answers to this question? This is briefly considered in https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1924 which is on RG as...
01 January 1970 3,839 3 View
Related articles are: Inverting conceptual reference frames From Galileo’s simple case to universal 4/3 scaling
01 January 1970 6,683 2 View
Scientific American January 2023 Issue has an article by H. Pontzer, New Human Metabolism Research Upends Conventional Wisdom about How We Burn Calories. The Sci Am article asserts the statement...
01 January 1970 768 1 View
My suggestion is: trying to solve it in a conceptual reference frame that is not optimal. Here is my example. Kleiber’s Law is Max Klieber’s empirical inference that metabolism scales by a 3/4...
01 January 1970 8,973 1 View
This question arises out of proceeding question: Are information exchange and collective appraisal of ideas necessary for the emergence of collective consciousness? If networked computers acquired...
01 January 1970 4,937 3 View
Combining space and time into four dimensions demonstrates invariance under Lorentz transformation. Space-time being so fundamental an attribute of our universe, there must be numerous analogues....
01 January 1970 2,169 2 View
In Flynn, J. R. (2011). Secular changes in intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of intelligence (pp. 647–665). Cambridge University Press the author...
01 January 1970 5,057 4 View
This question is aimed at gathering data to estimate the number of generations COVID-19 goes through in a single human host. And there have been and likely are at this time early June 2020...
01 January 1970 3,891 0 View
John M. Barry in his 2004 book, The Great Influenza about the 1918 flu pandemic, in chapters 14 and 15 describes how the influenza virus increased in virulence after the initial 5 or 6 months as a...
01 January 1970 857 0 View
In Two New Sciences, 1638, Galileo applies his analysis of the strength of a beam to an animal’s weight bearing bone. For a larger animal, weight scales by 3 when cross sectional area of bone...
01 January 1970 3,892 1 View
At page 302 of Steve Brusatte’s The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs he mentions that the rate of evolution for birds was `much faster than their dinosaur ancestors and cousins’. In a simplistic...
01 January 1970 8,527 0 View
Cosmology is difficult because space, time and the sizes of cosmological things are at scales vastly larger and smaller than are easily perceived by human beings. To guess what the universe is...
01 January 1970 5,621 14 View
Are there any published studies? Is the question sensible? Consider: Why Neurons Have Thousands of Synapses, a Theory of Sequence Memory in Neocortex Front. Neural Circuits, 30 March 2016...
01 January 1970 1,577 1 View
An arxiv search for “4/3" in the abstract field, for the years 2015 - 2023 on April 24, 2023 yields 1275 articles. Some refer to a 4/3 exponent. The articles likely cover a wide range of physics....
01 January 1970 7,055 0 View
This question relates to the characterization of analogy generally. For example, in English pronunciation, b is a vocalized variation and analogy to p. Formation of analogous phonemes would...
01 January 1970 755 0 View
This question is prompted by the book Papyrus by John Gaudet. In the article by Nordhaus, W. D., Do real-output and real-wage measures capture reality? The history of lighting suggests not. Cowles...
01 January 1970 6,766 0 View
If so where? A synopsis of their 1838 submission is at Sarrus, F. / Rameaux, J. Rapport sur une mémoire adressé á l'Académic royale de Médecine 1838 Bull Acad R Med , Vol. Paris 3 p. 1094-1100,...
01 January 1970 7,477 0 View
What then? Science says it has been cited over 25 times. Science says in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric. Google at January 18, 2024 says it has 5,707...
01 January 1970 2,913 5 View
If so, which ones? Can remediating those assumptions lead to a solution?
01 January 1970 3,260 2 View
I searched yesterday and could not find any references, apart from hypercubes etc, to mathematical modeling using 4 dimensions other than my articles on arXiv and RG. That may explain why the role...
01 January 1970 1,277 4 View
A particle in a three dimensional volume has three degrees of freedom. So degrees of freedom are bestowed by dimension. If dimension is fundamental, then how does space time scale? Does it scale...
01 January 1970 6,502 1 View
Not so simple. First, extraordinary claims attract extraordinary skepticism and scrutiny. The least oversight can sink theory. Second, for all the reasons set out in Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of...
01 January 1970 6,216 4 View
The full cite is Rundquist, E. A. (1936). Intelligence test scores and school marks in 1928 and 1933. School & Society, 43, 301–304. The article Lynn, R. Who discovered the Flynn effect? A review...
01 January 1970 10,057 4 View
Space and time being so fundamental, shouldn’t four dimensional analogues all be in plain sight? Where are they? Has physics overlooked or missed them? This is a follow up to the question:...
01 January 1970 3,327 2 View
For over two thousand years, thinker have devised theoretical explanation in cosmology, motion, heat, order, light and so on that have turned out to be wrong. Is it the case that to be...
01 January 1970 9,965 3 View
Or even noticed? Sometimes a vague impression persists in society at large that science inevitably and linearly advances. Thomas Kuhn’s book, The structure of scientific revolutions, to give one...
01 January 1970 7,168 6 View
December 2023 Sci Am has an article at page 62 by science writer Richard Panet, The Cosmic Surprise. Scientists discovered dark energy 25 years ago. They’re still trying to figure out what it...
01 January 1970 8,488 1 View
History and theory suggests that the problem of how to account for dark energy (the accelerating universe or the increased stretching out of space itself) may be a conceptual reference frame...
01 January 1970 2,396 2 View
Dimensional pressure as a concept generalizes Galileo’s strength of materials scaling. For animals increased in size, weight W scales by exponent 3 while cross- sectional area A scales by exponent...
01 January 1970 1,051 2 View
If lost, where in the universe did it go? If preserved, then is the mechanism of the Big Bang more efficient than an ideal heat engine? And if such a more efficient mechanism exists, what is it?
01 January 1970 3,388 9 View
The Economist in an article Nov 16, 2023, The British government is not paying dementia enough attention, alluded to a 2020 study, by Wolters FJ, et al, Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia...
01 January 1970 8,307 0 View
(For me: the most.) Arguments in favor of this proposition include: In animals, 3/4 scaling applies over many orders of magnitude. Historically, the applicable mathematical approach depends on...
01 January 1970 9,087 4 View
If such an analogy exists.
01 January 1970 6,127 0 View
The February 2020 issue of Scientific American has an article, The enigma of aerodynamic lift, by Ed Regis (p. 44). The article discusses some unresolved issues pertaining to the theory of...
01 January 1970 2,413 0 View
Are there any studies that measure this for actual circulatory systems? Can you give the reference? West, Brown and Enquist assume in their general allometric model, 1997, Science , Vol. 276 p....
01 January 1970 5,860 0 View
The ESA Euclid telescope launched July 1, 2023 to study dark energy and dark matter in space. NASA’s Roman Space Telescope is designed to study dark energy , matter, exoplanets, and infrared...
01 January 1970 5,116 3 View
If yes, where can one find it? An abridged version, translation by Stillman Drake, appears in Discoveries and opinions of Galileo by Galilei, Galileo, 1564-1642 Publication date 1957, published...
01 January 1970 5,624 1 View
Can you give possible examples or instances? Are there any journal eeferences? This is a generalization and extension of a question posed a couple of months ago:...
01 January 1970 8,442 0 View
This question is different than that relating to articles about once accepted ideas that are no longer accepted. The answer to this question about once derided ideas probably would generate a...
01 January 1970 1,449 2 View
If so where? A synopsis of their 1839 submission is at Sarrus, F. / Rameaux, J. Relation entre la taille des animaux et le nombre de leurs pulsations et de leurs inspirations 1839 Archives...
01 January 1970 4,774 0 View
Some sources include lists, but not necessarily referenced. Also: Eagle RA, Schauble EA, Tripati AK, Tütken T, Hulbert RC, Eiler JM. Body temperatures of modern and extinct vertebrates from...
01 January 1970 2,090 0 View
A high rate of increase in the number of infected individuals implies high infectiousness. In that case, the pathogen passes from the tissue of an infected person the tissue of a different person....
01 January 1970 5,486 2 View
The articles are Oberflächenmessungen des menschlichen Körpers. Zeitschrift für Biologie, München, 1879, 15: 425-458, 1879. Volummessungen des menschlischen Körpers und seiner einzelnen Theile in...
01 January 1970 4,365 1 View
This seems an impossible question. How many things are there that we don’t know about that solve problems, including problems that we might not know are problems? Gregor Mendel worked on breeding...
01 January 1970 2,337 0 View
For example, how long did it take for the market to adjust the price of automobiles relative to horse drawn carriages, so that their price/benefit ratios were the same. Similar questions apply to...
01 January 1970 4,319 1 View
The article is Die 2/3 Potenz des Korpergewichtes als Mass des Energiebedarfs (English: Power of body weight as a measure of energy requirements). If you know the link, can you provide it? Thank you.
01 January 1970 4,308 1 View
This question assumes light motion or time is a fourth dimension added to three spatial dimensions, Should the time dimension be distinguished from the three spatial dimensions? If so, on what basis?
01 January 1970 7,916 6 View
Mathematics abstracted and idealized concrete mathematics, exemplified in Euclid’s The Elements. Religion around the same time or earlier, abstracted the concrete representation of deities. Are...
01 January 1970 4,165 4 View
Cochlear implants help those with hearing loss. These devices demonstrate that in principle implantable electronic devices can improve human functioning. It seems we are headed for an era when...
01 January 1970 8,394 2 View
John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, then Secretary of the Royal Society (later on he was President of the Society) remarked on his arranging for the first publication of a brilliant 1845 paper by...
01 January 1970 8,257 0 View
Mostly human being in society learn what has already been invented or discovered: language, mathematics, stories, science. Inventors of technology and theories are a small proportion of society....
01 January 1970 6,023 4 View
If there are, can you provide the cites?
01 January 1970 1,103 0 View
Galileo in 1638 in his Dialogues on Two New Sciences observed that weight, proportional to volume, scales by exponent 3, while the cross-sectional area of weight bearing bones, scales by exponent...
01 January 1970 2,071 5 View
Can Galileo's scaling analysis of bone supporting weight be conceptualized using dimension? In Two New Sciences in 1638, Galileo pointed out that an animal’s weight scales by an exponent 3 while...
01 January 1970 8,765 1 View
Galileo in his 1638 Discorsi (Two New Sciences) points out that weight scales with size as a cube while the cross-sectional area of bones supporting the weight scale as a square. When animal size...
01 January 1970 5,769 0 View
The vast literature on metabolic scaling, and also on allometry, challenges the idea of universal principles and generalizations. Consider for example the Metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis of...
01 January 1970 1,039 0 View
The Clausius approach to entropy delta Q / T for T degrees Kelvin preceded the H Theorem of Boltzmann that leads to the logarithmic characterization of entropy. Clausius’s derivation of entropy (a...
01 January 1970 4,152 10 View
According to a 1907 reproduction, the 1842 article was published in: Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. The 1907 reproduction, apparently under the auspices...
01 January 1970 1,325 1 View
Is there a proof of equality, or is it a supposition or assumption? What are cites of articles addressing this? Is there a proof of inequality? Of several articles doubting equality one is:...
01 January 1970 5,496 3 View
Are there articles about this? Cites? Your view? For a paper that deals with this issue in relation to dark energy: Why dark energy is tormenting cosmology: The Economist
01 January 1970 1,722 1 View
Distance is a scalar representing the length of a traveled path. Displacement is the length of the straight line (a vector) connecting start and end points. In a Euclidean plane, they appear to...
01 January 1970 2,983 3 View
This arises from issues I encountered in 2007. From September 2005 to the end of May 2007 I was looking for the base of a logarithm that would connect the rate of English lexical growth, about...
01 January 1970 8,049 1 View
With the proviso, if 4/3 scaling is valid, which it seems to be. 4/3 scaling ultimately is based on Galileo. Galileo’s 1638 Two New Sciences implicitly contains dimensional capacity principles in...
01 January 1970 7,566 0 View
I have long thought that it is worthwhile reading old and really old science articles, to learn the historical context of a field, to gain some insight into the importance and development of the...
01 January 1970 4,372 50 View
The 1998 astronomical observations of SN 1A implied a (so-called) accelerating universe. It is over 20 years later and no consensus explanation exists for the 1998 observations. Despite FLRW...
01 January 1970 9,577 28 View
About June 2007, I noticed that a network's mean path length, measured in steps, worked as a scale factor for the network. In effect, it could be used to measure the number of degrees of freedom,...
01 January 1970 9,479 2 View
In Physics Today 58, 7, 20 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4797140, West and Brown reply to Bejan’s comparison of their scaling work to constructal law in the same issue of Physics Today. WBE...
01 January 1970 7,983 0 View
The question above arises out of a recently posted preceding question. Stam Nicolis replied to the question, posted recently: If space-time validly joins two fundamental aspects of the universe,...
01 January 1970 7,947 1 View
Related questions (are they different) are: (1) Can a concept of morality exist without language? (2) Does morality emerge from society’s collective reasoning? (3) Or, is morality about individual...
01 January 1970 6,896 5 View
Astronomical observations in 1998, including Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant, Astron. J. , Vol. 116, found that SN were dimmer than...
01 January 1970 5,886 7 View
The article, Simoiu, C., Sumanth, C., Mysore, A., & Goel, S. (2019). Studying the "Wisdom of Crowds" at Scale. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing, 7(1),...
01 January 1970 4,128 3 View
In April 2008 when I was trying to model metabolic scaling, I noticed an analogy to Stefan’s Law about black body radiation. The circulatory system as energy supply scaled by 4/3 when recipient...
01 January 1970 5,256 2 View
DE is the mysterious force accelerating the expansion of the universe. Treat DE as one conceptual reference frame where space between galaxies grows over time. In the gravity reference frame...
01 January 1970 8,247 1 View
In particular, with respect to the estimation of type 1A supernova distance based on luminosity?
01 January 1970 9,309 3 View
Ole Sand, Director NEA Center for the Study of Instruction, wrote an article that appears to be titled Current Trends in Curriculum and Instruction. I found the article on Academia, but without...
01 January 1970 6,063 3 View
Astronomical measurements estimate the proportion of (supposed) radiation relative to matter as about 0.70/0.30. 4/3 scaling based on extending Galileo scaling to 4D predicts a ratio of energy...
01 January 1970 6,002 7 View
Fourier’s invention of Fourier series probably qualifies as a method that exceeded in importance the theory of heat in which it was developed. Carnot’s idealized steam engine is another example. I...
01 January 1970 9,131 1 View
Assuming that dark energy is resolved by Galileo 4/3 differential scaling, can resolution of dark energy be used to solve other cosmological problems? Problems for which that might be possible...
01 January 1970 5,974 0 View
It seems difficult to propagate the idea that a fourth dimension can represent flow, of time, energy, heat or information. I have promoted this as a possible point of view. The paradigm shift is...
01 January 1970 7,651 0 View
And what are the implications? There are a variety of benchmarks for computer processing. An article in September 2019 Science Advances, Different languages, similar encoding efficiency, by Coupe...
01 January 1970 1,829 1 View
Or a tool used in various different kinds of arguments? Or an equivalence class of arguments that use comparisons and similarities? I refer to : Bartha, P. (2013). Analogy and Analogical...
01 January 1970 9,717 3 View
What physics explains why the speed and distance of receding galaxies are proportional? With reference to E. Hubble's paper, A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic...
01 January 1970 6,476 20 View
Can you provide citations?
01 January 1970 4,426 2 View
The cite for their article is: West, G. B. / Brown, J. H. / Enquist, B. J. A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology 1997 Science , Vol. 276 p. 122-126. What is the...
01 January 1970 2,475 0 View
The 1840 cite is: Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de très petits diamètres, Paris, Gauthier-Villars, juillet 1840, 795 The 1842 cite is: Comptes rendus de...
01 January 1970 2,275 3 View
For example, Ptolemy's geocentric assumption forced him to use ad hoc epicycles, and precluded a general law. Are there any case where the statement, Adopting the wrong conceptual reference frame...
01 January 1970 9,305 1 View
And has anyone compiled a list of articles supporting the West Brown Enquist 1997 general model of allometric scaling? The cite is: West, G. B. / Brown, J. H. / Enquist, B. J. A General Model...
01 January 1970 4,642 0 View
This question relates to the inverse square law for light.
01 January 1970 1,605 1 View
Would that contradict accepted astrophysics? Which? Why? There is a suggested school project on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/html/2501.00622v1 Light intensity does not always decay with the inverse...
01 January 1970 7,737 3 View
... what shape would the corresponding space be? Would the corresponding space be shaped like a bowl? Why or why not? Is there an analog from the two dimensional disk to three dimensional space?
01 January 1970 2,087 1 View
I googled this question (on December 20, 2024) and got an AI answer. “ the human brain has a memory capacity of 2.5 petabytes”. What is the authority for such an enormous memory? What are the...
01 January 1970 5,128 10 View
The motive for this question is to compare and contrast heat production and emission to energy production and use in the case of metabolism. Can you reference studies?
01 January 1970 7,972 2 View
I favor the view that natural phenomena can be explained by thermodynamics and more generally by physics, but there are diverse phenomena with advocates to the contrary. Examples are: The...
01 January 1970 9,480 1 View
What are arguments that GR at best is an interim theory of gravity? What are arguments that GR is likely the best theory of gravity?
01 January 1970 9,547 26 View
Maybe stretching of space described in the 1998 astronomy papers that resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 is not a consequence of a kind of energy at all. Maybe it is something other...
01 January 1970 5,323 6 View
Ehud Meron in Physics Today November 2019 issue writes about Vegetation Pattern Formation (p. 31). For figure 5 at page 36, what is the mean path length in steps for gap patterns (second from...
01 January 1970 555 0 View
This is the French version of the article that appeared in Nature magazine in 1936, co-authored with Huxley.
01 January 1970 8,575 1 View
ORC’s have measurable size. Heights and widths of identical ORC’s at distances D and 2D should vary linearly (similar triangles). If the inverse square law applied, then the ORC at distance 2D...
01 January 1970 5,196 1 View
Hurter at p. 114 in Too Big for a Single Mind, about QM, mentions that "electron waves seems too simple from a mathematical point of view, and too arbitrary from the point of view of...
01 January 1970 9,073 37 View
The Wall Street Journal had an article The Future of AI Lies in Monkeys, Not Microchips Thursday Aug 21, 2025 pg A 15 By Cory Miller, a professor of psychology at the University of California,...
01 January 1970 6,186 5 View
This question appears at page 85 of: Are Inventions Inevitable? A Note on Social Evolution Author(s): William F. Ogburn and Dorothy Thomas, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Mar.,...
01 January 1970 8,228 5 View
Is the question answerable? What factors and caveats apply to this question? Does such a ratio exist?
01 January 1970 8,425 1 View
Can we conclude that an explanation of dark energy is wrong because it does not conform to what is unknown about cosmology?
01 January 1970 3,848 12 View
There are reasons to think so, if one connects theory for a variety of phenomena. First there was a novel explanation for metabolism scaling by a 3/4 power of mass (Kleiber’s Law). That...
01 January 1970 6,448 2 View
This question is related to a preceding question about procurement. In commercial property management, if the properly manager is paid a percentage for managing a procurement contract for...
01 January 1970 5,437 0 View
The cite is: Hemmingsen, A.M. (1960) Energy metabolism as related to body size and respiratory surface, and its evolution. Report of Steno Memorial Hospital. It is cited by Sturkie, P.D. (eds)...
01 January 1970 6,309 2 View
Are there copies on the internet? Do you have the references or the links?
01 January 1970 4,986 2 View
Or some other mechanism? As a response to Galileo differential scaling, metabolic scaling might best be characterized as a pull. The cell pulls in the resources it needs, and no more. The pull...
01 January 1970 6,886 0 View
If yes, do any articles present evidence? Which ones?
01 January 1970 5,888 0 View
Max S. Bennett in his marvelous A Brief History of Intelligence: Evolution, AI, and the Five Breakthroughs That Made Our Brains, writes that “if Mountcastle's theory is correct, it suggests that...
01 January 1970 913 0 View
Wolfgang Dick on October 4, 2024 supplied the answer to the question, Do you know the citation for a 1965 article by Ole Sand that mentions knowledge doubling? (Many thanks.) A scholar recounts...
01 January 1970 6,407 4 View
The latter approach is assumed in p. 29, Surface brightness fluctuations, in Weinberg, S. Cosmology 2008 Oxford Univ. Press,
01 January 1970 7,173 1 View
Because current theories are missing an essential concept? Suppose, for example, that applied to the enigma in our time called dark energy, characterized as accelerating space. If current theories...
01 January 1970 4,951 3 View
West, G. B. / Brown, J. H. / Enquist, B. J. A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology 1997 Science , Vol. 276 p. 122-126 presents a general model of allometric scaling....
01 January 1970 6,845 0 View
Could it be that this is not an either or question, but that the two possibilities are equivalent, that is, that the two different conceptual reference frames are equally valid? Their article...
01 January 1970 1,271 4 View
Is it humanity’s greatest invention? Is it a technology? I incline to the view that it is, as is speech. Is it (or is it not) inherent in all invention? In primary school we are often early taught...
01 January 1970 2,365 5 View
This question must be accompanied by provisos. One particular proviso simplifies the task. Assume that the problem solving used throughout the development of language was of the same kind that...
01 January 1970 1,026 6 View
What physics explains why? What texts and article explain why?
01 January 1970 1,309 3 View
The theory of cells? Atoms? For example, GR is about gravity mainly. QM is about atomic and subatomic particles and their motions. What physical theories have scope similar to Newtonian...
01 January 1970 3,787 3 View
His article is described as: Cannon, W. B. (1926). Physiological Regulation of Normal States: Some Tentative Postulates Concerning Biological Homeostatics. Paris: Editions Medicales. or,...
01 January 1970 3,510 4 View
Or neither? The inverse square law is applied to the surface brightness of a galaxy, based on a telescope receiving energy per unit area of aperture. Thus shining a flashlight on a screen is the...
01 January 1970 3,646 0 View
Transitive Law: A relates to B and B relates to C implies A relates to C. If there is a transitive law, what is the third element?
01 January 1970 708 1 View
I Googled this question on November 24, 2024. The AI Google answer was: "No, allometric scaling is not the inverse of Galileo differential scaling, but rather a change that deviates from...
01 January 1970 9,011 2 View
The height of an object in a photograph is linear to the distance between camera and object: similar triangles. Does distance linearity apply to cosmological luminosity? In both cases, the photo...
01 January 1970 6,286 1 View
West, G. B. / Brown, J. H. / Enquist, B. J. A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology states our result generalizes to a 5 D/(D 1 1). Organisms are three-dimensional,...
01 January 1970 7,552 0 View
Rudolf Clausius played an important role in the founding of thermodynamics. Some years ago, I looked through one of his textbooks on thermodynamics from the 1860s. His textbooks on thermodynamics...
01 January 1970 7,849 9 View
What the citations for the best resources for answers to this question?
01 January 1970 6,767 1 View
Is there an answer based on fractions or percentages? What papers set out the raw data? Cheng, T.-P. Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology, Second Edition 2010 Oxford U. Press: Oxford at p. 259...
01 January 1970 8,954 0 View
A book in Italian by Guglielmo Ferrero was published in Paris in 1895 as Lois Psychologiques du Symbolisme, by author Guillaume Ferrero, translated from Italian. Is there an Italian original? If...
01 January 1970 328 0 View
Hubble tension is the name given to a conflict of measurements of the Hubble constant that do not agree with each other. Using SN gives 73 km/sec per Mpsec, using CMB gives 67, all roughly. If so...
01 January 1970 3,447 1 View
This question arises out of the essay Collective consciousness first That essay observes thatlanguage is invented and improved by society collectively. The collection of ideas thus enabled...
01 January 1970 7,836 4 View
In the introduction to his text, A Student’s Guide to Entropy, Don Lemons has a quote “No one really knows what entropy is, so in a debate you will always have the advantage” and writes that...
01 January 1970 4,475 65 View
