One hint, because your questions are to general to try a simple explanation (if there is any). S. Weinberg observed, long time ago, that although the universe is expanding, the space inside the galaxies does not.

Expanding space and the linear time flowing in one direction are the flowed ideas of the current science. The reality is based on wave lengths and periods of the particles. The universe expands within the unified field of consciousness (Spirit) which itself does not contract or expand.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266618399_Unified_field_of_consciousness

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Also an interesting answer to this question is the answer of Lawrence Krauss: The Universe is expanding into "nothing". He follows this trivial statement by the deeper philosophical discussion about the "nothing".

The cosmological expansion may be in the scale of four-dimensional space-time, which means that the expansion is relative-there is nothing "outside" the world.

To discuss this subject we need to use the same terms all of us.

My proposal :

Cosmos is everything "out there".

All Physical laws existing all over in the cosmos.

Cosmos is a 4 dimensional spacetime not geometric .

Space and space structure describe primary RG , SR and space geodesics.

The Higgs Field and Vacuum are the basic energy structure elements in cosmos.

Other proposals ???

Kurt Wraae

Hi,

We can only speculate by the way of math of various nature about what the expasion phenomena is in reality. As en example the expasion might be easily thought through differetial geometry as 3-dimensional sequence of expanding surfuces/manifolds of a 4-dimensional globe, not a space time manifolds. I am however convinced that numerious reseaches already are thinking in this direction, but the expanding elephant is still there. Best jm

Joseph,

What you are describing is Wheeler and Misner's Geometrodynamics. However, if the expansion instead acts on four-dimensional spacetime with the incremental scale as a fifth dimension the resulting cosmos model works really well. This is the Scale Expanding Cosmos model.

In fact, my initiative reveals that the expansion is manifested through the dark and observable matter undergoing a phase transition from an unknown “thermal or dark energy field” in the form of growing three “dimensional spheres” — manifolds.” Hence, I hypothesize that a new matter must emerge as soon as the matter stable state has been established, since the old matter composition violates equilibrium equation or stable state criterion. Based on this premise, the previous stable state violates itself, resulting in the creation of new matter. This newly created matter—the manifold in space—on average as a whole, achieves a lower relativistic density mu compared to that of the previous state. This violation arises due to gravitational potential energy, or any other energy form such as latent thermal energy, induced into the manifold, providing a theoretical foundation for a stable states evolution as a dynamics of some speculative equation roots. For this reason, in accord with this postulate, the declining density mu not only serves as an indicator of matter creation but also allows the time scale component of the space-time metric tensor—typically established by the t parameter—to be replaced by mu. See attached. Best JM

the so-called universe expands into cosmos. cosmos is an unlimited infinity. an open system like the universe could be a limited infinity.

if cosmos were an unlimited infinity, a creator could have created a limited infiniy (infinite limited sets do exist- think at al numbers between zero and one- [0;1] is a larger set than a countable one; it has the cardinality of continuum!. this is an error first made by Immanuel Kant, who claimed that an infinite set needn`t be created even due to its infinity... and, outside of a limited infinity, the laws could as well exist... why not? again: this are ironies, but can you contradict

"Is it creating space?"

Yes.

"If so, how does an expansion clone the features of our existing 3 dimensions when it creates new space?"

There is no "new space" and "old space".

Existing space just becomes larger.

cosmos has no definite number of dimensions- dimensions are a mathematical construct which helps to analyse the environment/the space arround. see for instance your house: it is larger at zhe top than at the bottom. it is not a cuboid!? so, if you want to describe it more precisely, you have to use more indications: those merely 3 dimensions are satisfactorily, but not perfect.

on the other hand, you are right: its the good old cosmos within things happen. some call them universes and try to find out what thea are...

When testing a particular theory, the researcher constructs a hypothesis based on the verifiable facts or previously established theories and examines the obtained data in relation to this knowledge base. Referring to the doctrine of Mach’s economy of thoughts the kind of math we use is not important, but how the math predicts the reality does. Accepting this view, the Universe expands with acceleration into what I assume by the "dark Energy Phenomena". However, it can be stated with certainty that this phenomena must be normatively challenging and comply with the coherence inherent in natural language. Moreover, the words used to describe phenomena under study must be sufficiently simple to be merged together. Unfortunately, "infinity and eternity" are not the right words for understanding the phenomena of expansion. So far nobody observed or proved the existence of "infinity and eternity" of nature.

< So far nobody observed or proved the existence of "infinity ...>

I would rather say that nobody observed finitude of cosmos

Many people have observed and experienced infinity and eternity. In recent times Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa is one of them. However this experience is a qual (qualia), so it cannot be proved or demonstrated to others.

Life of Ramakrishna, by Romain-Rolland

https://www.amazon.com/Life-Ramakrishna-Romain-Rolland/dp/0702500399/ref=sr_1_3_twi_pap_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1492755381&sr=1-3&keywords=Romain+Rolland

Ramakrishna and His Disciples by Christopher Isherwood

https://www.amazon.com/Ramakrishna-His-Disciples-Christopher-Isherwood/dp/087481037X/ref=la_B001HD2XE0_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1492756525&sr=1-5

Infinite can only be one (without a second) and not many. Infinite cannot have any boundary. Because if we put a boundary on infinite, there will be something that would exist beyond that boundary and limit the infinitude of the infinite. So boundary would cause infinite to become finite. Hence second something cannot exist beyond the infinite. With same reasoning we can say that infinitesimally small something cannot exist, because you cannot define infinitesimally small without putting a boundary on it. Therefore the infinite we have defined without a boundary is the Absolute Infinite in which there is no division and therefore no relativity.

Here absolute is not used in the mathematical sense |-x| = x. It is used in the sense of pair of opposites, like day and night, hot and cold, happiness and misery, particle and anti-particle, and so on. Absolute and relative are pair of opposites. This absolute infinite is one without a second. This way of defining infinity is purely mathematical. You cannot define a potential infinity with pure mathematics. For defining potential infinity we must introduce physics. Examples of potentials are electric potential, gravitational potential etc. In general we can say that these kind of potentials are energy potentials. Now the entire universe is made out of energy. In Big Bang theory we come across Hubble parameter. This parameter at Planck time is supposed to be holding the entire energy of the universe, which gets released during inflation. But as we know, the energies of the universe are not infinite and the universe also has the boundary. And there could be more than one such universes. So we look for the fundamental substance of the universe which is indivisible infinite and does not have a boundary and is capable of giving birth to the energy. Not only that, the same fundamental substance must also be responsible for the consciousness of the living beings. Consciousness is not energy. Thus we can define the potential infinite out of which emerge the entire universe. This we can say is the motionless Spirit under lying the entire universe. When it begins to move, it becomes energy. Therefore energy is always in motion. Both energy and consciousness can never be destroyed. This is the only real infinity and rest of the infinities are pseudo infinities.

It need to be clarified that Cantor's theorem has nothing to do with absolute infinity, because only one member of Set A is infinite which is all pervasive Spirit (Brahman) and there are no subsets of Set A because Brahman is indivisible. So the cardinality of set A is 1 and there is no powerset of A. So in the absence of power set the term uncountably infinite is meaningless. Therefore Cantor's theorem is limited to the realm of apparent multiplicity and relativity, where as infinite indivisible Brahman is beyond relativity of numbers. It is one without a second. Absolute infinity is not a member of any numbers set. In Cantor's theory, the indivisibility of manifest Brahman (which is the universe) and the unmanifest Brahman (which is all pervasive Spirit) is not discussed because Cantor's religious belief would only allow dualisitc mode of worship in which the God maintains a distict and separate existence from His creation.

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dear Vikram, you are right, but there are kinds of infinity which are limited, so it is not correct to say:

Dear Paul, when I say “infinite cannot have any boundary” I mean the absolute infinite cannot have any boundary. I am not talking about limited infinities.

There are following four fundamental questions related with this query

Is the cosmos expanding continuously in the already vast limited available space?;

Or

Is the space also expanding along with the expansion of the universe?;

Or

Is the space limitless (infinite) one in which the cosmos is expanding continuously?;

Or

Is the space made of innumerable universes (lokas), each of which has its own separate sky (space and time)?

All these questions have been addressed elaborately in Vedas. The word Neti, referred to therein for cosmos, means unimaginable and limitless. This may be interpreted as infinite space-time structure, where space and time do not have beginning and end. In Sankhya philosophy the distinction between space and time had been removed and the infinite time had been considered as intrinsically linked with infinite space leading to the idea of space-time manifold (Dik-kaala) and it is manifested only through motion in space.As such, space and time both are infinite without any beginning or an end and both are isotropic and homogeneous and flows continuously leading to conservation of momenta (linear and angular) and energy. Time being without beginning and end (Mahakaal), any attempt of tracing the history of time is meaningless.

Dear all, I appologize, but it seems to me the lines below are relevant to our discussion.

But when it turned out that he knew absolutely nothing about Copernicus' theory or the structure of the solar system, I was simply astonished. To a civilized man who lived in the nineteenth century, and who did not know that the Earth revolves around the Sun - this I simply could not believe.

You seem to be surprised, "he smiled, looking at my confused face.

"Thank you for enlightening me, but now I will try to forget all this as soon as possible."

- Yes, but it turned out that he knew absolutely nothing about Copernicus' theory or the structure of the solar system, I was simply astonished. To a civilized man who lived in the nineteenth century, and who did not know that the Earth revolves around the Sun - this I simply could not believe.

You seem to be surprised, "he smiled, looking at my confused face.

"Thank you for enlightening me, but now I will try to forget all this as soon as possible."

- Yes, but not knowing about the solar system! I cried.

"What the hell the solar system is telling me?" He interrupted impatiently. - Well, let it be, as you say, we revolve around the Sun. And if I found out that we are revolving around the moon, would this help me in my work?

It seems to me that the Sankhya philosophy might be in the right direction. There is a cosmological expansion mode that answers many questions. According to the Big Bang model space expands but time (as in the duration of the second) does not expand. This implies that there must have been a beginning of the world.

But, let’s instead consider the possibility that both space and time expand in lockstep. This corresponds to the expansion of the scale of all existence, which does not need to have any beginning. I have shown that this Scale Expanding Cosmos (SEC) model agrees with all our observations. It also explains both the Dark Energy and the Dark Matter as being artifacts of the erroneous Big Bang model. I have published numerous papers and two books on this, the last one published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in Russian in 2015 and sent out to universities, libraries and book stores all over Russia.

However, the silence from the academic community here in the West has been total. Maybe people realize that the new SEC model is closer to the truth, but also realize that it would be the end of our current world-view, as well as of many funded research programs. This would be very inconvenient news indeed for academia and its supporting industry, not to talk about the embarrassment of having been so wrong! Just think about the many TV programs and publications presented by awestruck scientists claiming to have analyzed the first fraction of the second after the Big Bang and its subsequent “inflation phase” and so on and on.

The SEC model describes a world without beginning or end, which is energized by forever slowing pace of time. The West is missing the boat by ignoring this new development!



I agree with Prof. Johan. I wish to add that the first query about the origin, structure and the ultimate harmony of the universe was raised in Rigveda, the most ancient scripture, and the concept of periodically evolution and dissolution ( not the creation and annihilation) of the universe was put forward. The round shape of the earth, gravitational force and the solar system were referred in Rigveda and then in Sankhya philosophy. In 57 BC the ancient Indian astronomer Varahmihir wrote Surya Sindhant and very nicely described the solar system. Our modern science is still in infant stage and many truths revealed in Vedas long back could not be still understood in modern science which has its own limitations due to its development on the basis of Charvac philosophy which had been repeatedly rejected by ancient seers and Vedic philosopheres.

Dear Johan,

I really was waiting for your comments. My last lines about Sherlock Holmes emphasize my attitude to theological theories in philosophy, especially to Hinduism. These theories, similar to the knowledge of the solar system, did not help Holmes in his work. So it does not help me in my efforts. Nevertheless, I downloaded your book about expanding space, in Russian. Russian is my native language, Sc. Petersburg, 2015, Russian Academy of Sciences.

In my endeavors, I managed to throw the time out of all consideration, but I can still predict the dynamics of the universe, using only the average density of matter as a parameter. In this connection, I would like to ask you a question. The theory of SEC or SKT does not exclude dark, visible or luminous matter and dark energy. From the Planck mission - PM, 2013, I know that PM comes with the following three figures: 4.9% visible and 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy.

First question: can the SEC predict these figures?

Secondly. I was always interested in that the dark energy, when the density was extremely high, filled almost 100% of the entire space in my model, although the dark matter filled a small but significant volume. The visible matter was 0%. Does the SEC theory say anything in this regard?

Att. Joseph E. Mullat

I fully agree with Your knowledge about dark Energy and dark matter.

For the moments I do work on project for some possible answers about above .

So fare it seems to me I do need some new explanations about time,velocity,acceleration and accept that fields is an entirely space condition.

Kurt Wraae

Dear Joseph,

By the Scale Expanding Cosmos (SEC) model the line-element of GR is the flat spacetime (Minkowskian) with a scale factor exp(2t/T) where T is the Hubble time, and t is atomic time. The energy-momentum tensor is a diagonal matrix with Too component that equals Einstein’s critical density, and three negative spatial components Tii that each equal -1/3 of Too. This explains the missing Dark Energy. The net energy of the cosmos is zero.

The Dark Matter follows from the fact that the scale expansion changes the laws of motion on large scales, so that stars spiral inwards with constant tangential velocities. Their flat rotation curves become a natural consequence, which does not require additional Dark Matter.

@Johan Masreliez

Following quantum gravity theory is based on the periodic nature of time.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262492889_Periodic_quantum_gravity_and_cosmology

@Balwant Singh Rajput

Samkhya philosophy has evolved over a period of time. Following is what I found in my research.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322244234_Evolution_of_Sankhya_Philosophy



I still do not understand how the current composition of the Universe, i.e., the Planck Mission result, that the universe consist of 4,9% of luminous, 26,8% dark matter, and 68,3% of dark energy, can be explained by EST theory using Minkovskian metric element. The calculus should give the composition exactly as EST claims that "We find that the EST better agrees with observations than the Big Bang Theory". Best JM

"It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how Nature is. Physics concerns what we say about Nature, ...Niels Bohr". However, I would like to add that, in practice, our sayings can be protracted, as it can take years, or even decades, of exploring reasonable math associated to our sayings before we can portray the Nature is in a sufficiently understandable form.

This statement of Niels Bohr and also his famous complementarity principle show that he( Bohr) was aware of Sankhya and Vaisesic philosophies. Any attempt to fully understand the Manifested Nature without knowing the influence of Super-consciousness on Un-manifested Nature will fail ultimately like Avaidic Charvak Philosophy which has been the basis of modern science.

Explain your answer in numbers, then I can understand your theology.

Kindly elaborate your query about numbers in Sankhya, Vaisesic and Charvac philosophies.

Sankhya is basically the philosophy of Dualism just like Bohr's complementarity principle or Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Vaisesic philosophy, which first time gave the idea of the fundamental building blocks if matter, evolved the relationship between cause and effect leading to the concept of causality, space-time coordination of which led to uncertainty between existence and non-existence at microscopic level and which is the basis of modern quantum mechanics

Dear colleagues,

Maybe I hastened with my request about a numerical description of ideas in philosophy. If this led to inconvenience for someone, then I bring my apologies. Studies in philosophy most likely fit into the genre of the essay. This practice is not peculiar as I understand in physics, where the results of research are presented by academic articles. Moreover, I personally prefer to reveal the problems that can be called a pedagogical experiment. Such an experiment should be understandable even for the child. In academic articles, results usually do not end with numerical calculus, although this is especially important for understanding models in cosmology. So, for example, I still have not yet received an intelligible answer to my request for a theoretical forecast of the composition of matter in the universe according to the latest data of Planck's mission of 4.9% visible and 26.8% of dark matter, as well as 68.3% of dark energy according to the modern theory of the Big Bang . With regard to these numbers mentioned, as I understand it, any philosophy will remain silent.

Best JM

Vedic Concept of Dynamic Universe, Dark Matter and Dark Energy:

Second verse of Purusha Sukta ( of Rigveda) contains the word ‘ yadannenaatirohati’ which gives the idea of smallness of this whole developed and developing creation as the minute manifestation of infinite Purusha. It also gives an indication that the indestructible original element in the form of energy is effluent and only a small part (less than one-fourth) of it is active in the production of universe. The central aim of all Vedic philosophies is to experience all phenomena as limited (partial) manifestation of the same ultimate Reality which is seen as the essence of the universe underlying and unifying the multitude of things and events we observe. It is central to its very nature to manifest Its essence in myriad forms which come into one another without an end. In its phenomenal aspect the cosmos is thus intrinsically dynamic. The word Brahman means growth which is suggestion of life, motion and progress. The Upanishads refer to Brahmana as unformed, infinite, immortal and moving and Rigveda uses the term Rita to express the dynamic nature of the universe. It anticipate the idea of karma (action) to express the dynamic inter-play of all things and events. The idea of periodically, expanding and contracting universe, which involves a scale of time and space of vast proportion arose in ancient Indian science and the concept of evolutionary cosmologies was conceived by ancient Indian seers. This rhythmical process of creation (rather evolution) followed by destruction (rather dissolution) reveal the intrinsically dynamic nature of the matter where the fundamental particles (the building blocks of matter) are dynamic patterns which do not exist as isolated entities but as integral parts of an inseparable network of fundamental interactions involving a ceaseless flow of energy as a dynamical interplay in which the particles are created and destroyed without end. All these interactions (and the ultimate harmonically united one) denote the dance of creation and annihilation (i.e. energy-dance). Shiva, the cosmic dancer, is the most perfect personification of the dynamic universe from which emerges the general picture of organic, growing, and rhythmically moving cosmos. The metaphor ‘cosmic dance’ has found its most profound beautiful expression in the image of Natraja (dancing Shiva) which depicts all life as part of a great rhythmical process of creation and annihilation as endless cycle. This cosmic dance of Shiva is the dance of creation and destruction involving whole universe, the basis of all existence and all natural phenomena. It shows that the movement and rhythm are the essential properties of matter (and energy), where all matter ( and energy) here on earth or in outer space is involved in a continual cosmic dance. Jagat or Samsara, which are synonymous for the universe, means that one which is continuously moving. Thus the universe is continuously expanding in all directions. Sixth verse of Purusha Sukta says that a very small part of infinitely large unmeasurable and un-destructible entity is engaged in controlling the whole cycle of creation and annihilation. Another explanation of the existence of Dark Matter and Dark Energy follows from the verses of Taittiriya Aranyaka that only one pada of the Lord is this manifested universe and the remaining three padas are outside it. According to the observations and realizations of ancient seers, nearly eighty percent of this universe is yet of unknown nature which remains inactive during the process of creation (rather, evolution). This inactive matter may be treated as dark matter (or dark energy). In Nasadiya sutra of Rigveda also there is a mention of this inactive matter as:

‘Nothing existed prior to creation of universe, neither shape nor size nor kind nor even the light. The impenetrable darkness was filled with an unknown, unmovable fluid which was static and inactive (dark matter).

Manusmrti also refers to this inactive (dark) matter:

‘Aaseedid tamobhootam praagyataam laksaanaam.

Apratarkyam vijneyaam prasuptmiva sarvatah.’

which means:

‘In the beginning it was dark, inert, imperceptible, inexpressible unique matter which manifested in various form at various times according to its own will’

Regarding the instantaneous creation of the dynamic universe Rigveda says:

‘Yadkrandah prathamam prathamaam jaayamaana udyanat’smudraad ut vapureesaat,

Syenasya paksaa harnaasya baahu upastuyam mahijaatamam te arvan.’

Which mean that Powerful arose with the speed of falcon and several galaxies with central Hirangarbha came into existence from the invisible fluid (dark matter) filled in the space and became the cause of Prakriti with three attributes.

The second verse of Purush Sukta also gives an indication that the indestructible original element in the form of energy is effluent and a small part of it is active in the creation of matter. In the third verse of this Sukta also there is a notable indication that only a small part of the energy, which exists in the form of universal energy, modifies and transforms to create this whole universe and its remaining larger part remains untouched and inactive by this cycle of creation. This sixth verse of Purush Sukta also says that very small part of large and un-destructive entity is engaged in controlling the whole cycle of creation and the huge remaining part remains inactive (dark energy).

Dear Professor,

This is very interesting to know how the Hinduism religion of the majority of people in India explains the dynamics of the universe. However, this does not help me, as I have repeatedly pointed, to explain this dynamics by a numerical description. Yes, I see many paradoxical coincidences with what my equation tells me, see "CALCULATING THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE: AT THE INFLATION PHASE OF THE BIG BANG, THE CURRENT MOMENT AND AT THE FUTURE MOMENT OF THERMAL DEATH."

If anyone wants to go deeper into solving my equation, then there is one difficulty, namely, it is necessary to find the roots of this equation with an accuracy of 100 decimal places. It is also necessary to calculate the first and second derivatives in order to be convinced of the expansion of bubbles of dark and baryonic matter depending on the average density of matter in the universe while the density decreases. I personally achieved accuracy no more than 15 decimal places. Best JM

In short: cosmological space is expanding into dark energy while decreasing the energy volume via its phase transition into visible and dark matter.

There is ,in my humble opinion , a huge mathematical ignorance on Differential Geometry and Dfferential topology of Manifolds on this topic by Physicists .What is expanding is not the Space Time manifold itself as physicist miserably fail to understand after all of theses years , but is the space time metric tensor which assigns growing PURELY SPATIAL VOLUMES to fixed SPATIAL regions on the space time as the cosmological time is passing on (A sort of Friedman Universe with a well defined creation universal time ) .Correct me , if I am the foul in this remark !.

the so-called universe is an open system which expands into cosmos (an infinite unlimited set)

Basically points residing on the cosmological horizon (this is how we estimate size of the universe) are going out of causal contact with a fixed observer. Then, it is impossible to communicate with that region with has gone out of causal contact using light signals. Therefore it is impossible to answer the question "What does expanding cosmological space expand into?" Sorry to disappoint: and cheers!!

Dear Biswajoy

I dont think we are ready yet to answer Your question - maybe our way of thinking is linked and limited to our human nature . Maybe we ask the wrong question.

Kurt

The universe might not expand in space but in scale. Such scale-expansion would allow perpetual expansion without beginning or end.