Redox cycling agents such as menadione or paraquat can "obtain" one electron by reduction by various enzymes such as:
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (E.C. 1.6.2.3) , NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (E.C. 1.6.2.2) , NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.6.5.3), and ferredoxin-NADP+
reductase (E.C.1.6.7.1) ,
then the formed radicals react with molecular oxygen and initiate superoxide radical formation.
My question is - what is the main cellular source of super oxide induced by redox cyclers and what is the average proportion between ROS formed in different cellular compartments after treatment with menadione or paraquat? For example when I treat my cell culture with menadione what proportion of it is reduced at complex I in mitochondria compared with NADPH-cytochrome P450 at reticulum?
There is some support for the theory that mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species induced by cationic antioxidants, redox recycling agents. e.g. paraquat and menadione. For instance see the article and others from PubMedArticle Mitochondria Are a Major Source of Paraquat-induced Reactive...
According to the recently published genetic screening it seems that cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase is the main source of cycling paraquat radicals.
Article A CRISPR screen identifies a pathway required for paraquat-i...
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