@ Dear Ragbendra Thakur, I have expanded my reaction to your remark and here I'll give a short description of the philosophy of research. It is open of course for comments:

Philosophy of Scientific Research

To understand the foundations of scientific research you have to look at its knowledge base (epistemology), its appearance (metaphysics), the approaches it uses (methodology), the values it uses (ethics) and the beauty of scientific research (aesthetics). 

Epistemology: What kind of knowledge do you need to conduct research? Scientific research is the systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control an observed phenomenon. And the characteristics of scientific research are: systematic, there are rules and procedures and when carried out a research, one must follow the code of being objective (ethical). We must base data on controllable observation, in-depth analysis, the data must accurate and true. 

Metaphysics: What are the different forms scientific research presents itself to us? Some forms are qualitative (descriptive), quantitative, and mix method (mixed method), problem-solving and problem-oriented research, and basic research. 

Methodology: What are the methods we use in scientific research? Hypothesis building, inductive (qualitative and quantitative analysis), deductive reasoning (verification and falsification) and there are tools such as observation (natural and social sciences), interview for data-collection and analysis, surveys, questionnaires. One of the most important aspects is the research question. What do you want to research? If you don’t have good research question you can go nowhere. Creativity in research is one of the important traits.

Ethics: What are the values of scientific research (ethics)? Objectivity is key. You have to draw your conclusion based on objective data, no false data is allowed, no doctrines, everything is subject for scientific inquiry, questioning, verification and falsification. Duplication of a research carried out must be possible and therefore everything around the research must be documented and stored. It is always intended for the use of others doing research.  

Aesthetics: What is the beauty of scientific research (aesthetics)? Research enlightens, it is a journey of uncovering and discovery; it creates proofs and helps with the understanding of phenomena.  Research is an objective tool and can be used by everybody, the outcomes it leads to may not differ no matter by whom the research is  carried out. Everybody can verify it. Because research is a journey, it may lead to unintended and surprising results. Research benefits society, the development of humanity is powered by constant research to find things out and to understand.

Apart from scientific research there is also journalistic inquiry (research) which is based on the Five Ws (who, what, when, where and why) and H (how) questioning. In the justice system this method is also used and in social communication.  

Composition of numbers can generate numbers, depending on the precise rules of composition under consideration, certain rules such as above, exhibit intrinsic regularity in formulation which reflect as symmetries in those

Physical properties which follow these rules at one or more stages of structural and constitutional hierarchy , i look forward to constructing such rules in different types of numeric systems, particularly matrix arrays, i believe that all the finer treads of nature can be fully understood in terms of such rules of compositions operating at different levels , it is with this philosophy i approach my scientific research.

Dear Debopam Ghosh , your field of research is probably mathematics in an applied field, as you point to physical properties where you look for the rules of composition of patterns on different levels using numerical systems.

On the philosophy of mathematics I have found some books: Philosophy of Mathematics (Øystein Linnebo, 2017), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic (Stewart Shapiro, 2007), Philosophy of Mathematics (Paul Benacerraf, 1984). Do you use literature or do you rely more on practice? Are there papers on the philosophy of applied mathematics useful to you? And what is your point of reference?

I look into nature itself as point of reference and inspiration, everyday we see things happening around and we try to analyze these

observations through

logical and scientific reasoning, at an abstract level this observations can be mapped to, or related to some transformations on numerical systems, i would call it nature inspired mathematical abstraction, on a more realistic note i must admit that i never really had an opportunity to study the philosophy of mathematics at an academic level.

Debopam Ghosh gave a first shot here at the philosophy of applied mathematics, using the composition of numbers (system) to generate other numbers, to use for physical properties that follow the rules of these numbers and show certain symmetries or maybe patterns of those numbers. And he uses observation based on empirie.

Here, I want to look to the philosophy of Public Administration, one of my my field of study and which I think I also use to approach systems.

The Philosophy of Public Administration.

Philosophy looks in a rational way at aspects such as knowledge (epistemology), existence (metaphysics), methodology (logic and language), values (ethics) and beauty (aesthetics) of a phenomenon. Here we look at Public Administration (PA).

The first question is: What is Public Administration (epistemology)? Public Administration is the study of government that uses bureaucracy as its tool of operation. Bureaucracy is based on laws and regulations (Max Weber) and the bureaucrats follow these laws. The goal of government is to serve the public (public service based on public interest) where everybody is equal under the law. The aspect of good governance is important. These laws are decided upon by the political system that uses democracy as its guiding principle or tool of operation. PA works always in the tandem democracy-bureaucracy, where democracy takes the lead and bureaucracy follows. Changes always take place in this form.

In which form do we find bureaucracy and its properties (metaphysics)? Two main properties of bureaucracy are governing based on the law and the public interest. Bureaucratic systems are quite complex and are guided by systems dynamic laws: the general system theory (a system consist of different internal subsystems and external systems) and it is autopoietic (the system adheres mainly to its internal working). The external system here is the political system, but apart from that it doesn't answer to other external systems. Apart from the national and local government, we find bureaucracies in international organizations such as the UN and NGO's and because of their growing complexities, business organizations/forms can become bureaucratic too and object of study for PA.

In its methodological approach Public Administration is a multi- and interdisciplinary science. That means it uses knowledge from different disciplines (e.g. economy, law, sociology, psychology, technology) as its approach to solve problems. And because it is based on objective laws and regulations and the service to the public, it is more an empirical based science comparable to medicine. Theory building is different, there is a struggle whether to apply more inductive or deductive methods or verification than falsification. It is a young study and it is wresting with its paradigms.

What is the beauty of PA (aesthetics) and what is it good for (ethics)? In the public discussion, government is often seen in a pejorative way (negative): e.g. waste of resources, big government, slow decision making, corruption, spying on it own citizens. And at the positive side, except from the aspect of good governance, government is also considered good (Paul du Gay: In Praise of Bureaucracy, 2002). According to Adam Smith government has to promote happiness of the public as its sole use and ends (good government). Governmental organizations comply to the public will through the principles of democracy used by the political system. And there are certain duties only government has the power to execute. These beautiful and positive aspects of government objects of study of PA.

I mainly use the complexity of the bureaucratic system to make analysis and tend to look things interdisciplinary from a helicopter view.

Two books on the philosophy of PA:

Edoardo Engaro (2017). Philosophy and Public Administration. Massachusetts: Elger Publishing.

JSH Gildenhuys (2004). Philosophy of Public Administration. Stellenbosch: Sun Press.

.........................

Comments and critiques are welcome. And I hope other researchers want to take a shot at the philosophy of other disciplines.

Interesting question and follow up

Hi @ Afraa Ibrahim, good to hear that you find it an interesting question and follow up.

You have a scientific background in Educational Psychology and you have work experience in that field and skills. Maybe you could explain for us what the philosophy of Educational Psychology is. What are its foundations? What are its metaphysics, epistemology, its methods, ethics and aesthetics? And how do you use that psychology in practice?

When the philosophy gets the attestation by scientific experiments, it becomes a law in truest sense, otherwise it's a mere hypothesis.

@ Dear Ragbendra Thakur, with scientific experiments you can use decuctive and inductive reasoning, make use of hypotheses, use verification and falsification to test and to create knowledge (theoretical and empirical). The philosophical bases of a scientific field is formed by the epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and axiology (ethics and aesthetics).

What kind of law do you mean comes into existence? Because you wrote: 'When the philosophy gets the attestation by scientific experiments, it becomes a law in truest sense, otherwise it's a mere hypothesis'.

@ Dear Ragbendra Thakur, I have expanded my reaction to your remark and here I'll give a short description of the philosophy of research. It is open of course for comments:

Philosophy of Scientific Research

To understand the foundations of scientific research you have to look at its knowledge base (epistemology), its appearance (metaphysics), the approaches it uses (methodology), the values it uses (ethics) and the beauty of scientific research (aesthetics). 

Epistemology: What kind of knowledge do you need to conduct research? Scientific research is the systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control an observed phenomenon. And the characteristics of scientific research are: systematic, there are rules and procedures and when carried out a research, one must follow the code of being objective (ethical). We must base data on controllable observation, in-depth analysis, the data must accurate and true. 

Metaphysics: What are the different forms scientific research presents itself to us? Some forms are qualitative (descriptive), quantitative, and mix method (mixed method), problem-solving and problem-oriented research, and basic research. 

Methodology: What are the methods we use in scientific research? Hypothesis building, inductive (qualitative and quantitative analysis), deductive reasoning (verification and falsification) and there are tools such as observation (natural and social sciences), interview for data-collection and analysis, surveys, questionnaires. One of the most important aspects is the research question. What do you want to research? If you don’t have good research question you can go nowhere. Creativity in research is one of the important traits.

Ethics: What are the values of scientific research (ethics)? Objectivity is key. You have to draw your conclusion based on objective data, no false data is allowed, no doctrines, everything is subject for scientific inquiry, questioning, verification and falsification. Duplication of a research carried out must be possible and therefore everything around the research must be documented and stored. It is always intended for the use of others doing research.  

Aesthetics: What is the beauty of scientific research (aesthetics)? Research enlightens, it is a journey of uncovering and discovery; it creates proofs and helps with the understanding of phenomena.  Research is an objective tool and can be used by everybody, the outcomes it leads to may not differ no matter by whom the research is  carried out. Everybody can verify it. Because research is a journey, it may lead to unintended and surprising results. Research benefits society, the development of humanity is powered by constant research to find things out and to understand.

Apart from scientific research there is also journalistic inquiry (research) which is based on the Five Ws (who, what, when, where and why) and H (how) questioning. In the justice system this method is also used and in social communication.  

if the science is based experiment, so i think the match philosophy for that is pragmatism (John Dewey theory; learning by doing)

Dear Liyana Sunanto , indeed if the science is based on experiment then it is practical. Yet I think from an educational point of view there is a psychology of Education to be described, see e.g.:

Nel Noddings (2016). Philosophy of Education. New York West: View Press.

David W. Nicholson (2016). Philosophy of Education in Action: An Enquiry-Based Approach. New York: Routledge.

The world we observe. Eg:a rabbit jumping gives us the idea of distance, height, comparison with other animals. Some physics is involved in this.

Dear Rumani Dey , see here some books about the philosophy of engineering and technology:

Robert C. Scharff and Val Dusek. (2019). Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

Ulrike Felt, et al, ed. (2017). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies.Cambridge: MIT Press.

Helena M. Jerónimo, et al. ed. (2013). Jacques Ellul and the Technological Society in the 21stCentury.USA: Springer.

Harry Halphin and Alexandre Monnin. (2014). Philosophical Engineering: Towards a Philosophy of the Web.Wiley Blackwell.

Indeed it is about the physical world and the designing of it and moderation by humans/engineers (what do engineers do, why, how and the ethics and aesthetics). In fact, every thing humans have designed from the start of antiquity till now is part engineering and technology.

See also e.g.: Article Philosophy of Engineering: What It Is and Why It Matters

Dear Rudi Darson

The philosophy of my scientific field CHEMISTRY is very interesting like your question.

The major philosophical questions arise at the first moment trying to define chemistry and its studies. Atoms and molecules are often regarded as the basic units of theoretical chemistry, but traditional descriptions of molecular structure and approved chemical bonds fail to explain the properties of many substances, including complex metals and minerals and aromatic substances.

In addition, chemists often use chemically non-existent entities, such as resonance structures to explain the reaction structure of different substances. These interpretive tools use the language of molecular graphs to describe the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions that do not act as molecules normally.

Some chemists and chemistry philosophers prefer to conceive as materials rather than microscopic structures that are considered to be the basic units of chemistry study. There is no direct fit between two methods of classifying materials. For example, many rocks exist as physical complexes composed of several ions that do not occur in fixed proportions or in spatial relationships for others.

A related philosophical problem is whether the study of chemistry is the study of substances or their interactions. Atoms are in constant motion even in solids and under the right conditions, many chemicals react automatically to form new products. A variety of environmental variables contribute to the characterization of materials, including temperature and pressure, and the presence of these molecules in a magnetic field. As Schumer described it, "philosophers of substances define chemical reactions by changes in certain substances, whereas reaction philosophers define matter according to the substance and characteristics of chemical reactions."

The philosophers of chemistry discuss issues of symmetry and handmade in nature. Organic molecules (ie, carbonic) are the ones that are most often handy. Amino acids, nucleic acids and sugars (all of which exist solely as molecular exclusively in organisms) are the basic chemical units of life. For this, chemists, biochemists, and biologists alike argue about the origins of the homogeneity of mirror asymmetry. Discuss the philosophers of the facts about the origin of these phenomena, whether their appearance is possible in a static, static or ecological environment or if they follow other interactions. Others argue that answers can be found in extraterrestrial life, if any. Other philosophers question whether there is a bias towards nature's assumptions as symmetrical, prompting to resist any evidence to the contrary.

One of the most objective issues is to determine the effect of physics, specifically quantum mechanics, in explaining chemical phenomena. Can chemistry actually be interpreted simply as a physical phenomenon as many believe, or are there gaps that cannot be explained? Some authors, for example, Rold Hoffman, recently suggested that reductive Anne caused difficulties in initiating many chemical states such as aromatic and pH, reaction, and nuclei attraction, for example. Best Regards

The philosophy of a specialized field is to study the intracellular interactions of living organisms and to know the fate of biomaterials and their impact on living organisms.

Biochemistry.

Every philosophy can be correlated or linked to an equation. That is how I see things. But observation, deep thinking, analyzing it and then correlating it to physical world with little philosophy gives rise to physics. This is my personal opinion.

Dear Amal Saadoon Majeed , thank you for your wonderful contribution on the philosophy Chemistry.

Which are the important reference books on chemistry and the philosophy of chemistry?

In applied social science and study of human behavior, the philosophical foundation of any research approach is based on the assumed degrees of freedom-of-choice (free will vs. determination; right and false actions; ethics).

http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/free_will.html

This is an interesting question, but so extensive that it is almost too much for an RG discussion. When I think of those areas that concern my main field of work - pedagogy, psychology, social theory - until the end of the 19th century almost always representatives of philosophy were responsible for them, before these areas received their own chairs at the universities, built up their own scientific products (with their own research, own textbooks, encyclopaedias, etc.).

Especially in philosophy after the age of Hegel (he died 1831), some earlier physicists, physiologists, physicians, biologists also gained importance as philosophers - partly as philosophy professors at universities. The "empirical turn" for the social sciences actually took place in the 20th century.

This is an important question that would be the starting point of all science; where we are, where we want to go, from where we come.

Philosophy of Occupational Therapy Profession:

Occupational Therapists focus on improving performance in all areas of occupation (meaningful activities of daily living) to facilitate health and promote growth, change, and/or adaptation. The ultimate goal of this focus is the achievement of health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation (AOTA, 2014).

The study of the Nature of God appearing as Consciousness.

In periodontal treatment philosophy is to treat maximum with minimum complications/ problems

Dear Hein Retter , thanks for your contribution.

Indeed it is a broad question, but if we focus on the philosophical base of your field on the epistemology (knowledge base), metaphysics (appearance), methodology, axiology (ethics and aesthetics), it can be quite brief.

In your case you studied pedagogy, psychology, philosophy and now teaches/practices educational sciences. What is the knowledge base of it, the theoretical perspectives, where do you find or practice it, which are the methods applied to research and practice it and what are the ethics and aesthetics of it. What are the challenges for educational sciences now and in the future?

Very often in discussions here on RG you see people coming from different perspectives and that there is a lot of miscommunication. If we give an overview here, create a helicopter view of understanding in the communication, people can return here and find a base to understand each other.

I see RG as a platform where we by our communication can create new knowledge or pose questions so that we keep the thinking process going. The field of science is indeed very broad, but if we as specialists in our field can give an abstract of it will be valuable for others.

Dear Hassan Izzeddin Sarsak , as you wrote occupational therapists focus on improving performance in all areas of occupation. But what is their foundation of knowledge, what is the metaphysics/ontology of it, which methodology are use to practice and study it, what are the ethics and aesthetics of occupational therapy?

Dear Jean Thill ,

'The study of the Nature of God appearing as Consciousness'. What do mean by that, can you explain it further?

Dear Rudi, I recommend for that purpose my various updates and papers on Structure wave and Number form theory as published on RG.

In my field yoga philosophy

Dear Siddappa Naragatti , yes yoga philosophy, what is that. Is that a field of study? Where is it based on?

My field is Fish processing technology & microbiology. Post Harvest Technology.

Dear J. M. Koli , the same questions I put forward to you: What is that fish and post havervest technology. What is the knowledge foundation of it, what is the metaphysics of it, which methodology do you use and what are the ethics and aesthetics of it?

Rudi Darson

You asked me personally:

What is the knowledge base of it, the theoretical perspectives, where do you find or practice it, which are the methods applied to research and practice it and what are the ethics and aesthetics of it.

My answer is limited to the first thing that spontaneously occurs to me at this moment; it is therefore not a systematic overview.

I have personally witnessed several turns in subject orientation and language used in my discipline, educational science, over the years (with perspectives on neighboring psychology and theories of society). The 19th century was dominated by the idea that pedagogy was not a science, but only a field of application of several sciences, such as psychology, which showed the way of socialization and education, and philosophy, which reflected the goal of education. This changed - at least in Germany - only after the First World War, when it became important to place the training of teachers on a more demanding scientific basis. But in the thirties the Nazis dominated - and the Nazi ideology was racist and fascist. Of course, after the fall of the Nazi empire, they didn't want it any more. In the seventies Neo-Marxism dominated West Germany with the educational ideal of "emancipation". But the year 1990 with the German unification of East and West Germany, made everything different and a much stronger international orientation came, conditioned also by the European Union. Today the overall picture has become much more confusing than it was 50 years ago. The methods of empirical research, analytical procedures and basic research in scientific theory are all well known in the social sciences and are used by all researchers. The differences lie in the subject of research, which in pedagogy sometimes has little to do with psychology or sociology, but that is relatively rare.

In addition

Even if ethical or aesthetic or political questions play a role, one first falls back on general methods and theories. Historical-comparative research, which examines the foundations of education e.g. in different countries in certain periods of time, would be such an area. The question of pedagogical dilemmas has also been the subject of renewed debate in recent times.

Dear Hein Retter , thanks for your detailed explanation.

I think with ethics we can answer questions about the values, morals and conviction of the practice, the cultural aspect in the field of science. What is not done? Which are the rules? In one of the threads on RG (this platform) one contributor wrote that Wikipedia is not allowed as a source, but also other aspects can be taken into account. With aesthetics, you can ask what the beauty is of your field of study. What do the practitioners see as the beauty of it?

في مجال اختصاصي العلمي وهو تدريس الأدب العربي القديم. أتعاون مع المتعلمين في اكتشاف فلسفة جمال العمل الأدبي من شعر أو نثر، وفلسفة تنوع فنون الأدب، وفلسفة عناصر الإبداع الشعري عند الشعراء الذي جعل شعرهم مستمرا لم يندثر على الرغم من مرور حقب زمنية طويلة على إنشاد هذه الاشعار

Dear Sir,

Can you translate this in English please:

في مجال اختصاصي العلمي وهو تدريس الأدب العربي القديم. أتعاون مع المتعلمين في اكتشاف فلسفة جمال العمل الأدبي من شعر أو نثر، وفلسفة تنوع فنون الأدب، وفلسفة عناصر الإبداع الشعري عند الشعراء الذي جعل شعرهم مستمرا لم يندثر على الرغم من مرور حقب زمنية طويلة على إنشاد هذه الاشعار

My field of research is Environment and Ecology from which all other subjects have been originated in this living earth/universe. Every things are inter-related to each other and made of with some elements(metals and non-metals) only, total mass and energy are constant , these elements undergoes bio-geo-chemical cycling indicating that I am in all or all are in me. All are present in all through all the times. These could be the the basic philosophy Environmental studies /research.

The philosophy of my scintific field is histology

For Public Health, the philosophy can be visualized as: the knowledge that is generated in the form of objective evidence from studies in biology, epidemiology, and social science; and then provide a solid base for interventions designed to prevent disease, injury, or death at a wider community level (not just at the individual level). A core concern of a philosophy of public health lies in the balance between the interests of communities and populations and those of individuals.

It is Improving the Irrigation system to close the gab between the demand and the available water. (Saving water for increase the eat to People , animals etc)

Dear Atef Nassar , can you elaborate more on the methods you are using, the metaphysics and the ethics and aesthetics of watermanagement?

Ok I will do later@ Rudi Darson

The philosophy of education plays an important role for the educationalist because it analyzes the philosophical foundations and ideas that justify and justify education. Here ethics and psychology / sociology also play an important role.

I think that in science both are important: the knowledge and application of concrete methods that are as precise as possible and the questions about the background, the philosophical roots and the significance for the future, the research results found in order to be able to place them in the overall stock of knowledge - or to emphasize the value of innovation.

Hein Retter

Indeed, in science knowledge (epistemology) and application of methods are important, but so are metaphysics (ontology), ethics and aesthetics.

My research aspect is Mathematics vs Statistics . Which one has greater applicability in real life case study ?- My Philosophy !

My philosophy in my researches is progressivism. I consider other researchers' findings to negate or sustain my findings. Am happy to discover new knowledge. And bridge it to the findings of other scientists.

I have several articles devoted to these issues. And now I'm writing another one. I raised these questions:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eugene_Lutsenko/questions

The philosophy of my scientific field of study is very simple; to unravel the truth about the unknown and in this way to make people informed through its publication. If the so called scientific research could bring some smile at people's face, the very purpose is served satisfactorily otherwise, objective loses its ground touch. Soul of research should tend towards betterment of civilization.

We are speaking about complex systems. They are having very interesting roots that we still do not understand as deeply as we wish. The philosophy of this field is simple: "What other means of computation can produce very robust self-organizing & even emergent structures observed in many natural phenomena around us?"

This question seems to be innocent but the opposite is true. We know that social insect -- for example ants -- do not know mathematics, yet, they are capable of immensely parallel, robust, emergent computations, which are beyond our current theoretical capabilities to describe and understand.

My whole scientific carrier is closely related to this from the first sight quite simple question. There are hundreds of other researchers working on the theory of this field. Unluckily, we have still a lot of work and understanding in front of us.

You can check what was done to up-to-a-recent-time in this field in the review paper about complexity in medicine (can be found at my profile). Our still-not-full-understanding of complexity and its modeling is so powerful that it already started saving patients' lives in a number of highly advanced medical applications.

Just one example: evaluation of pressures in the aneurysm using CT or NMR scans and Lattice-Boltzmann method simulations. It helps to decide the right moment for operation and minimize the overall risk associated with disease when stays untreated or with the operation. It helps to find out the right moment of the operation.

Complexity is definitely philosophically very active filed as it is substantially changing our understanding of the roots of computation.

Subject of study may be different, but the soul of research is same for all, " To know the Truth".

If one is prepared to describe the scientific theoretical foundations of an academic discipline as the "philosophy" of that subject or field of research, then it is usually a mixture of research achievements that concern: 1/ the epistemological basis, 2/ the ideas and real history of this field, 3/ interdisciplinary and comparative questions, 4/ the aporia, theory dilemmas and contradictions of this field, 5/ order structures and logical problems, 6/ Basical discussions on method problems. - Of course one can enumerate further points.

Raghbendra Thakur

Dear Raghbendra, seeking objective truth in a methodological way and publishing about it is the core of all science. But I am interested in the philosophy of your scientific field: what are the epistemology, the metaphysics, the methodology, the ethics and aesthetics of your field.

Jiří Kroc

And Jiri, the same goes for you. Your field is Computational Physics, but what are the epistemology, the metaphysics, the methodology, the ethics and the aesthetics. Because those are some aspect of the philosophy of science.

Dear Dr. Rudi Darson,

I understand what you mean by your question. The answer to it can be at least partially found in the review paper

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330546521_Complex_Systems_and_Their_Use_in_Medicine_Concepts_Methods_and_Bio-Medical_Applications

which was written in cooperation with my former colleagues who provided the medically understandable shape to the paper. (There as other publications dealing with a similar theme -- the philosophy of complexity, software, research papers, etc. at my RG profile.)

The paper describes the very core of complex systems aka complexity--at least from the motivational, methodological, and procedural points of view. The paper is based on my lifelong experience with building complex systems descriptions of observed natural phenomena.

Everyone who wants to quickly penetrate into the core of complexity can read this paper. It will save years of undirected study and research did in this field. It has a very compact form, yet, it is thanks to coauthors written in an understandable form to all non-specialists.

Before reading and digesting it, there is not much sense to speak about the philosophy of the field because it will not be sitting on the firm ground.

I am looking to gutter discussions. All the best. :-)

Dear Jiří Kroc , I have read your article ‘Complex Systems and their use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications’ where you state that complex systems are understood to be the mathematics of the 21 st century. I don't no if I can agree with you on that. I would rather say that mathematics as the study of patterns, will play a big role in understanding complex systems.

If you look at complexity from a scientific point of view and see it as a field of study and you want to grasp the essence of it, you can ask yourself what is complexity (epistemology), where do we find them and what kind of complexities are there (metaphysics), which methodologies do we use to study complexity, what are the ethics and aesthetics of complexity?

There are two good things in life, freedom of thought and freedom of action.

W. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965).

Dear Rudi Darson,

I appreciate your answer and opinion. In the discussions of this kind, there is often found a seed of future development. The paper is focussed on epistemology, metaphysics, methodologies, and examples in this order. According to all authors, it was decided that the structure of the paper is complicated enough.

In any case, I am open to discuss issues of ethics and aesthetics of complex systems but it is a bit outside of my main interests.

You are right that patterns play a big role in complexity. Some researchers even work with so-called pre-images. Those are parent neighbors' states in the case of cellular automata, agent-based models, and such. The pattern decides the future action of the central cell -- they drive the evolution of the system.

Nevertheless, the same approach cannot be used in all complex systems but only in those which are working above grids of cells or ad hoc clusters of agents wandering through space (clusters change with time).

I am very sorry that my training is mainly in mathematics, physics, and computer science and very little in philosophy.

Thank you for having this discussion. It always helps me to get a better overview of the field.

JK

Dear Jiří Kroc , when I talk about the philosophy of a scientific field or of science I mean the collection of epistemology, metaphysics (ontology), methodology, and axiology (ethics and aesthetics) of that field. See: Philosophy of Science (Alexander Bird) en Philosophy of Science (Martin Curd & J.A. Comer, ed.). In your paper you have more or less defined the philosophical base of complexity or complex systems as a field of study. I haven't studied philosophy, I am only interested in the philosophical base of science. My only comment was that I don't think that complexity can replace mathematics.

Coming from the field of social science we deal with complexity in a different way than solely mathematical (quantitative), the descriptions are more qualitative. We use self-organizing systems such as crowds and traffic flows. Maturana and Varela (Autopoiesis and Cognition 1973) describe autopoiesis as a self-governing system in biology and in social systems you have self-referential systems which are also self-governing. Only no equations are used, but I think in field such as change management, in the future mathematics will be used more frequently to describe or predict change movements, because change is very complex with a lot of patterns.

follow

According to The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Ted Honderich, Ed. 2005) the philosophy of science can be divided into two broad areas: epistemology and metaphysics. I would add other aspects such as methodology (logic) and axiology (ethics and aesthetics).

Epistemology deals with the objectivity of knowledge and its justification and induction and deduction are important parts of it. Induction is studying cases particular cases to come to universal conclusions, and deduction using general knowledge that are proven and considered true to understand particular problems, situations and cases. Falsification is very often used doing deductive studies. Except from induction and deduction are there other forms to create knowledge? According to Karl Popper, science doesn’t rely on induction but more on falsifiability to reach objective conclusions. On the other hand, critics say that Popper’s approach of falsification is based on the negative (proving that something is not true) and not on what is true, induction: observation to see what is true. The problem with induction is that what is not observable can’t be included in scientific research. And here comes the approach of Thomas Kuhn that paradigm shifts can cause scientific revolutions.

This is one of the problems of science. Not everything is true also not is there is conformity amongst scientists, while the scientific approach is an instrument that has brought many of our development today.

Which are the problems of science nowadays? What do we mis in the philosophical approach of the sciences to acquire new or better (justifiable) knowledge? Can mathematics be replaced as the foundation find patterns in all sciences and the world? How can we improve the scientific approach or approaches?

My research and development philosophy can be understood as empirical rationalist method.

http://www.stephen.ternyik.scienceoflife.nl/Projects/projects.html

Focus is on real human action and decision-making.

To sum it up: natural science of human society (and mind).

Dear Stephen I. Ternyik , what do you mean by empirical rationalist method as research and development philosophy?

If one assigns to the term philosophy the function of being the "conscience" of an academic philosophy, then this applies to both the humanities and the natural sciences - and to every single discipline. But philosophy also has much to do with evaluating and discussing the significance of the results of individual disciplines. Thirdly, a look at philosophy shows what it has achieved so far as an independent subject and as an interdisciplinary theory. I do not see that in the present and in the future this is so much different from what it has achieved theoretically and practically so far - this statement also applies to all other scientific disciplines.

https://www.researchgate.net/project/The-opinion-of-intellectuals-questions-and-answers/update/5dd01d70cfe4a777d4f17688?_iepl%5BviewId%5D=vYQYjgQxyNZbkeVFYUUXStlm&_iepl%5Bcontexts%5D%5B0%5D=projectUpdatesLog&_iepl%5BinteractionType%5D=projectUpdateDetailClickThrough

Knowledge is not new, for this was already the case for the thinkers in the time of the Enlightenment. Leibniz is regarded as the last philosopher who was able to represent the knowledge of his time in the natural sciences and humanities as a universal scholar.

This is by no means only a regrettable "overflow", but the consequence of the increase of education both within the advanced societies and in all countries that had to live long in oppression and colonialism. This, of course, also offers opportunities for new approaches. Everyone knows that the world is more complicated and thus less manageable for the individual. One answer to this problem is to work in teams of scientists. The revolution in technical knowledge processing has in turn become a means of gaining knowledge much more easily and clearly today than in the past, for example through online information systems. All in all: for an old problem at the same time appropriate answers develop to solve it, at least approximately.

The mass is not decisive, but the quality. The most unreliable and poorest tools today are probably those that attempt to bring about an evaluation through the number of citations or rankings of journals, in the value of which many young scientists have a firm belief, without the contributions themselves ever having been read by the evaluators.

In addition: The mere reference to a link is no help if the link is not evaluated at the same time and qualified with a thesis. Links do not offer better knowledge than what is discussed here by scientists.

In my research there are several philosophical perpectives that work together. One is the hermeneutic philosophy the way Hans-Georg Gadamer writes it in «Truth and Method». Scientific openmindedness starting with the

Dear Hein Retter thank you for your remarks about the link. Dear Murtada Al Manifi maybe you can explain what you mean bij the link you have copied and placed here.

Rudi Darson

Empirical=related to real human experience

Rational=application of logic and maths

Method=decision-making science

___________________________________________________

The progressive integration of these key elements makes human behaviors look like a game, with respective information-gaps of the players.

Dear, Rudi

SIR,

My philosophical ideas are on poetry:

The Arrival.

As the plane

Descends for landing,

The onboard map

Still shows

The location of

Famous landmarks

And shipwrecks—

Amongst them

The USS Indianapolis

And the Riyukyu Trench, But, ahead of

Schedule,

We then bank,

Slowly

To the right

In a long arc,

Reversing

Back, into the light

And a thousand

Tiny waves

And the shadows

Of winter clouds

Appear below

Back lit

At twilight

Over the bays

And islands

Off New Kowloon—

My excitement,

Then

Doubled

As we slow

On our approach

Into the peach mist

Of Evening

Near Victoria Peak:

Such a long way

To come

For a moment

Like this-- The night beyond us

Bright with stars.

maybe you can explain what you mean bij the link you have copied and placed here

The poem, Mr. Ali, sir.

Dear Ali Alwaeli see here the link of Murtada Al Manifi: https://www.researchgate.net/project/The-opinion-of-intellectuals-questions-and-answers/update/5dd01d70cfe4a777d4f17688?_iepl%5BviewId%5D=vYQYjgQxyNZbkeVFYUUXStlm&_iepl%5Bcontexts%5D%5B0%5D=projectUpdatesLog&_iepl%5BinteractionType%5D=projectUpdateDetailClickThrough.

Yeah, it is a group of intellectuals.

Glad you like it! ☺

Dear Dr.

Thank you very much

I am guided by a certain philosophy in my field. It is very briefly outlined here:

Preprint ABOUT THE INTERFACE: "SOUL-COMPUTER» (artificial intelligenc...

But it's more than just philosophy. Still, philosophy is a science, albeit with some stretch. And my philosophy goes beyond modern science and includes a number of provisions of the science of the future, which I developed. Some provisions of the science of the future are known today, but it is believed that they relate to Faith.References to my work on the future of human society are in this short material. These works are also posted on RG.

Я руководствуюсь определенной философией в своей области. Она очень кратко изложена здесь:

Preprint ABOUT THE INTERFACE: "SOUL-COMPUTER» (artificial intelligenc...

Но это шире, чем просто философия. Все же философия это наука, хотя и с некоторой натяжкой. А моя философия выходит за пределы современной науки и включает в себя ряд положений науки будущего, которую я развивал. Некоторые положения науки будущего сегодня известны, но считается, что они относятся к Вере.Ссылки на мои работы о будущем человеческого общества есть в этом кратком материале. Эти работы тоже размещены на RG.

Chemistry as a new source of new drugs related to the natural products

Dear Mohammed I. Rushdi , there is a book The Philosophy of Chemistry (2013) edited by Jean-Pierre Llored where the authors give guidelines to practitioners in the field of chemistry how do deal with chemistry: documenting their practices, inviting e.g. historians and philosophers to study the field and collaborate to come up with ideas about the future of chemistry. The book deals with ways how to study chemistry: analytical work needs social cultural context. They take a very interdisciplinary approach. Your focus is on chemistry as a source of new drugs related to natural products. Where would you place yourself in the approach of this book? Is there more to your approach of the field of chemistry?

There are also other books on the subject: Philosophy of Chemistry (John Wood, 2011), Philosophy of Chemistry (Eric Scerri and Lee McIntyre, ed., 2014) and Philosophy of Chemistry (Andrea Woody and Paul Thagard, 2011) to mention a few.

Dear Eugene Veniaminovich Lutsenko , in your article ABOUT THE INTERFACE: "SOUL-COMPUTER» (artificial intelligence: problems and solutions within the system information and functional paradigm of society development) you take a very political approach about AI (Artificial Intelligence) that those who dominate the field of AI will dominate the world. Are there other approaches? Which are the negative and positive effects AI presents us with? What is the epistemology, the metaphysics, the logic (the methodology), ethics and aesthetics of the field?

If we drop true and false or true and not true, what is staying behind; it is possible that the whole system of thinking is based nowadays on a wrong idiom and that the world of AI needs a total different foundation.

Dear Rudi Darson! That's not my point. I quoted from leading politicians. My point of view is stated in my monograph:

Preprint On HIGHER FORMS of CONSCIOUSNESS, the PROSPECTS of MAN, TECH...

Dear Eugene Veniaminovich Lutsenko, can you explain what the point is you are making?

This is a very important Point: The Philosophy (the mind-set) on which your view of the vorld is based on because it influances how you Interpret your scientific results and the results of others….

Do you believe in life after death, god as an individual or god as energy or both? Or do you believe in materalism and darwins' law or do you believe in creationism? All These Questions must be cleared because today we know that the mind-set is the most importing influancing factor. The science which revealed this was the Quantum Physics (see Amit Goswami).

So there are a lot of differnt philosophies which might be the base of your worldview but the core can be divided into:

Atheism (esoteric (e.g. freemasons)/non esoteric (e.g. materialism/humanism))

Polytheism (e.g. some hinduistic interpretations)

Monotheism (esotheric(e.g mystic schools)/non esoteric (e.g. abrahamistic religions))

Monism (esoteric (e.g. theosophy)/ non esoteric (e.g. modern lodges))

Theism (holistic view of god and his will and energies as described in the vedic scripts or the words/acting of Juesus)

From the Philosophy depends if you predict something or not. We only become Aware of what we are able to believe. Our conception determines our perception and furthermore our perception determines our action…

So YES! Every scientists shold become Aware of what he/she is believing.

The philosophy of ecology is based on the protection of human health and the environment as a whole. Therefore, all measures are aimed at improving the ambient air quality, efficient use of water resources, waste management and circular economy.

Philosophy & Physics & Mathematics .

My Research Proposal as follows :

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337010762_NEW_DIMENSION_PHILOSOPHY_A_CORRELATION_BETWEEN_PHILOSOPHY_WITH_MATHEMATICS_AND_ATOMIC_PHYSICS?_sg=Omf2skcMPGwH8JS8A_koYLik7v1bpFmB_usdREXIYmE1O-CcwRvHUP7FcEgR3AgTn3h7Jk9l9TGji7KQhecvXboUJ8_lpxWGDjZMxrbF.mXrG33ST3W-6qBVdkbUsrsdLk70Rnpv5wR6CqFC3SwP44uHJ7_8okNngzFstxxNJxMj0HjpVM-6pxWCfGc08fA

The philosophy of chemistry is an area of philosophical investigation that has flourished over the past 20 years into a distinct and separate field. So long as chemistry exists as a separate scientific discipline that investigates questions and uses unique tools, the philosophy of chemistry will continue to investigate the philosophical implications of such an activity. Asking questions about science and chemicals is clearly connected to asking questions about the universe, and understanding our place within it – surely the very formula of all philosophical inquiry.

Dear Mr. Darson! The question you posted is of top-importance for any researchers. My field is logistics (supply chain mgt.). Please find papers enclosed and below:

Rodger David Swanson et al. (2017). "Applying Theories from Other Disciplines to Logistics and Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review" Transportation Journal 56(3):299 Available at:

Article Applying Theories from Other Disciplines to Logistics and Su...

This field emphasizes rational and empirical approaches (Math, Quantitative studies, operation research), but emotional intelligence related factors and qualitative research in general are gaining foothold. At the same time I argue that hybrid research models (philosophies) are about to emerge. Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

The philosophy of my academic field is to identify the vital signs that lead to the occurrence of diseases and then to determine whether these variables can be used as predictors of the occurrence of the disease or used in the manufacture of treatments for the disease

Dear Shakir Tuleab and Djaafar Zemali , the field of science of both of you is chemistry. For Shakir the philosophy is about identifying vital signs that lead to the occurrence of diseases and determining whether the found variables can be used as predictors to manufacture treatments for the disease. For Djaafar isthe philosophy is about asking questions about science and chemicals. Do you approach the philosophy of chemistry differently?

Dear Bulcsu Szekely , it looks like your field, logistics' is more multi- or interdisciplinary. And you write in your contribution that logistics emphasizes rational and empirical approaches (math, quantitative, and operation research), emotional intelligence and use also qualitative analysis, if I'am correct. A lot of other fields are also multi- or interdisciplinary. Where does logistics differ from them?

Dear Mr. Darson! Logistics has its root in military operations. Please let me know which fields should be considered as "other". Yours sincerely, Bulcsu

Dear Bulcsu Szekely, apart from military logistics you have business logistics. How do they differ in philosophical approach?

But there are other multi and interdisciplinary fields, such as information processing, neuro science, biochemistry, public and business administration, to mention a few. And they use more or less the methods such as quantitative and qualitative analysis and rational approaches, mentioned by you.

My question is if there are more fields using multi and interdisciplinary approaches, how do they differ apart from their content, in their philosophical approaches?

As I'm in the area of education, different philosophies should be referred in an integrative manner. I mean perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and social reconstructionism will be used as a point of reference/guide/framework in making decisions related to education depending upon the nature of the educational decision we want to do in our context.

All the best

Thanks for starting an interesting discussion...

My study focuses on Environmental pollutants, contaminants and their effect on biosphere.

Recently I am working on Arsenic toxicity amelioration through natural dietary compounds using PC12 cells...

Dear Md. Shiblur Rahaman , it seems to me that you have mentioned some of the knowledge content you deal with in your field of study, the epistemology. Which methods do you use, which are the ethics and what are the aesthetics of the study?

Philosophy of my scientific research is very simple-- Changing the way the people learn.