THE APPLICATION OF ALGORITHMIC AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO COPING WITH CORONAVIRUS DETECTION: BLUEDOT'S ALGORITHM RELATING TO OTHER EMPIRICAL, STATISTICAL, AND SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDICINE

We should raise awareness of ecological problems inasmuch as Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods could be applied to technical review studies on disease treatments. Since algorithmic methods have important applications in many scientific fields, subsequently, AI may involve different aspects of acquiring, analyzing, and applying knowledge to approaching many problems. In this way, considering the following example, as Tortoriello et al. (2020) point out, the new communication delegates the increase of NLG to the mathematical, technological and human sciences. Like this manner, among the Collaborative filtering (CF) methodologies that include the type memory approach, user rating data is used to calculate the similarity between users or items.

As a result, Artificial Intelligence has been applied to a broad range of applications. In societal problem, like disease control or route planning, intelligent algorithms support human decisions to make a better informed choice or highlight relevant information. In search-engines and on social media sites, artificial intelligence is employed to predict user interests and share personalized content. And in (serious) games, the AI ensures that non-player characters make logical choices and react in a believable way to the environment and the player.”

Accordingly, in the case of the coronavirus outbreak, for example, BlueDot's algorithm reportedly used airline ticketing information to accurately predict the virus' rapid spread from Wuhan, China, to Bangkok, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo. BlueDot's algorithm uses machine learning and natural language processing technology to detect signs of potential disease outbreaks from the collected information. Human epidemiologists then review and verify the AI's findings before sending a report to the company's clients in government, industry and public health, as well as other public health officials, airlines and hospitals in the affected regions.

In the same way, Hemida et al. (2013) do summarize and bring out key findings, underpinned by great value-laden theoretical, empirical, statistical, and socially significant findings in the context of Medicine, as they point out:

“In a seroepidemiological study of domestic livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, chicken) and dromedary camels from Saudi Arabia, we find that only dromedary camels have evidence of seropositivity to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), suggesting an infection with a MERS-CoV-like virus. infection or whether they are being infected by a ubiquitous novel coronavirus closely related to MERS-CoV. As illustrated with SARS a decade ago and avian influenza A(H7N9) recently, identification of the animal source and the setting within which zoonotic transmission occurs can provide options for reducing repeated zoonotic transmissions and enhancing global public health. Finally, given the high titres of neutralizing antibody to MERS CoV commonly seen in dromedary camels, serum from these animals may provide an option for passive immunotherapy of patients with MERS, from whom no specific antiviral therapy currently exists.”

Bibliographical references

• Becker's Healthcare. Avialable at: (https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/artificial-intelligence/an-ai-algorithm-detected-the-coronavirus-outbreak-a-week-before-the-cdc.html)
• Hemida, M. G., Perera, R. A., Wang, P., Alhammadi, M. A., Siu, L. Y., Li, M., ... & Peiris, M. (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18(50), 20659. Available at: (https://www.eurosurveillance.org/docserver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/18/50/art20659-en.pdf?expires=1584194901&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9B0F1FC5EDD0108DAD8906D463DA9B49)
• Tortoriello, F. S., Capone, R., & Greco, M. (2020). TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COMMUNICATION MODELS FOR A DIDACTIC OF DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE ESP. Available at: (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ritamaria_Bucciarelli/publication/336058074_Technologies_and_new_communication_models_for_a_didactic_of_digital_intelligence_ESP/links/5d8c719c299bf10cff0e8f41/Technologies-and-new-communication-models-for-a-didactic-of-digital-intelligence-ESP.pdf)

What reports are these?

SARS-CoV-2 like all the other 6 corono strains (HCoV-NL63, HCOV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV) that circulate in humans most likely came from bats, or some other animal origin.

Soon? how soon? The closest will be drugs already developed against other viruses, and it's ongoing. Vaccine? At least 1 to 1.5 year, and this is if everything goes according to plan.

I am not an expert for viruses, but will recommend to explore some of databases, for example the PubMed database: enter as search terms "coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV", there you will find papers/studies...

https://www.researchgate.net/post/UV_light_face_mask2?_ec=topicPostOverviewAuthoredQuestions&_sg=OGYDbEyCTZY23q0f4yGGrWOhJsMj1anNpUzBi3epUgjnKrY1865cInKk80zR0MAgIAJJPQSB0NH4hCLF

virus-like other viruses ----please see the website

https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-myths.html

This virus is difficult to be lab generated.

In originated from some animal species in Wuhan's Market.

As far as I know, there are no objective evidences, confirming artificial origin of SARS-CoV-2. But there are a lot of evidences of social network speculations on every kind of conspiracy...

It could be a mutation of other strains of the corona. With time, the body system may develop strong resistance mechanisms to slow down the action and enhance recovery. These things are all patterns of evolution. Worse virus strains, sure, would emerge in the very near future.

Many thanks Shen-An Hwang, Anton Vrdoljak, Amy Johnson, Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz, Aparna Sathya Murthy, Nadien Khaled Fahim, Rey Segundo Guerrero-Proenza, Janet Lane, Edwin Chigozie Nwokorie, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets for useful and valuable contribution in this thread. I appreciate so much.

its the possibility that it might be originated from a lab

The pathogen appears to have come from wild animals, virologists say, and there are no signs of genetic manipulation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome.

Emily Makowski

Mar 5, 2020

Since the early days of the COVID-19 epidemic, theories have circulated about the origin of the novel coronavirus causing the disease, SARS-CoV-2. One prominent rumor is that it first escaped from a lab in Wuhan studying bat coronaviruses and then spread to the public. This theory has also evolved into claims that the virus was genetically engineered to be a bioweapon. But scientists say that while there’s not enough information to pinpoint where the virus came from, there is no evidence that it was created in a lab.

The lab-escape theory had been circulating on social media and various blogs for weeks, but gained considerable visibility in a New York Post article in late February. In it, Steven Mosher, a social scientist and the president of the Population Research Institute in Front Royal, Virginia, summarizes why he believes SARS-CoV-2 may have been accidentally spread by China’s National Biosafety Laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, where researchers have studied bat coronaviruses.

see the following:

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/theory-that-coronavirus-escaped-from-a-lab-lacks-evidence-67229

Thank you Adiya K. Hussein and Yogesh Technomania for your supportive reply in this issue.

I personally feel this virus has been originated from wild animals; most probably from bat. Very less chances that it might be from lb origin.

Thanks Malangori Parande for your reply.

THE APPLICATION OF ALGORITHMIC AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO COPING WITH CORONAVIRUS DETECTION: BLUEDOT'S ALGORITHM RELATING TO OTHER EMPIRICAL, STATISTICAL, AND SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDICINE

We should raise awareness of ecological problems inasmuch as Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods could be applied to technical review studies on disease treatments. Since algorithmic methods have important applications in many scientific fields, subsequently, AI may involve different aspects of acquiring, analyzing, and applying knowledge to approaching many problems. In this way, considering the following example, as Tortoriello et al. (2020) point out, the new communication delegates the increase of NLG to the mathematical, technological and human sciences. Like this manner, among the Collaborative filtering (CF) methodologies that include the type memory approach, user rating data is used to calculate the similarity between users or items.

As a result, Artificial Intelligence has been applied to a broad range of applications. In societal problem, like disease control or route planning, intelligent algorithms support human decisions to make a better informed choice or highlight relevant information. In search-engines and on social media sites, artificial intelligence is employed to predict user interests and share personalized content. And in (serious) games, the AI ensures that non-player characters make logical choices and react in a believable way to the environment and the player.”

Accordingly, in the case of the coronavirus outbreak, for example, BlueDot's algorithm reportedly used airline ticketing information to accurately predict the virus' rapid spread from Wuhan, China, to Bangkok, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo. BlueDot's algorithm uses machine learning and natural language processing technology to detect signs of potential disease outbreaks from the collected information. Human epidemiologists then review and verify the AI's findings before sending a report to the company's clients in government, industry and public health, as well as other public health officials, airlines and hospitals in the affected regions.

In the same way, Hemida et al. (2013) do summarize and bring out key findings, underpinned by great value-laden theoretical, empirical, statistical, and socially significant findings in the context of Medicine, as they point out:

“In a seroepidemiological study of domestic livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, chicken) and dromedary camels from Saudi Arabia, we find that only dromedary camels have evidence of seropositivity to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), suggesting an infection with a MERS-CoV-like virus. infection or whether they are being infected by a ubiquitous novel coronavirus closely related to MERS-CoV. As illustrated with SARS a decade ago and avian influenza A(H7N9) recently, identification of the animal source and the setting within which zoonotic transmission occurs can provide options for reducing repeated zoonotic transmissions and enhancing global public health. Finally, given the high titres of neutralizing antibody to MERS CoV commonly seen in dromedary camels, serum from these animals may provide an option for passive immunotherapy of patients with MERS, from whom no specific antiviral therapy currently exists.”

Bibliographical references

• Becker's Healthcare. Avialable at: (https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/artificial-intelligence/an-ai-algorithm-detected-the-coronavirus-outbreak-a-week-before-the-cdc.html)
• Hemida, M. G., Perera, R. A., Wang, P., Alhammadi, M. A., Siu, L. Y., Li, M., ... & Peiris, M. (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18(50), 20659. Available at: (https://www.eurosurveillance.org/docserver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/18/50/art20659-en.pdf?expires=1584194901&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9B0F1FC5EDD0108DAD8906D463DA9B49)
• Tortoriello, F. S., Capone, R., & Greco, M. (2020). TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COMMUNICATION MODELS FOR A DIDACTIC OF DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE ESP. Available at: (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ritamaria_Bucciarelli/publication/336058074_Technologies_and_new_communication_models_for_a_didactic_of_digital_intelligence_ESP/links/5d8c719c299bf10cff0e8f41/Technologies-and-new-communication-models-for-a-didactic-of-digital-intelligence-ESP.pdf)

Any virus ,fungal or bacterial infections

Is generaly modified by nature ,but we biotechnologist and chemists try ro do research in the laboratory for good

But ended up making more powerfull and hazardious infectious biomolecules ,diseases

Example

Phd degree is given when we make a new molecule(but we just modify the disease furthermore , if we have are studying and researching on virus in labs we test in or upon animals

So that they get combine to test subject dna nd core biological systems even when animal dies ,the organic or biomolecules just modifies them in subjects

Then due to poor disposal of the test subject animal ,it eventualy enters in the human chain or other living organisms chain

So thats how virus bacteria fungus transmitted for example novel corona virus

In 2nd phase

We study again as the virus starts causing the diseases ,so we try to find antidots or medicines

But the instants we research we do a little mistake we check the stability ,we unknowingly modifys the bacteria by testing under different conditions (temp.,radiations,drugs,ph)

If the pathogen or virus dont get killed by that it memorises and get modified unfortunately

Nd become stronger nd now it become stable

So it again transmitted in the environment by bad disposal of the waste (there is no way to dispose of the virus ) even if its there its very difficult

So this strong virus get into living organisms again , and cause diseases

So an antidot or cure is found

The virus got killed now

But 0.99%virus survived nd get more resistant and stronger this cycle goes on and on

Evolution of humans ,pathogens and medicines(antidotes)

What do u think

Please express

Is there any way out of this

Or this process is important for human or species evolution on earth?

Race for making vaccine in majority of viral labs- Let us see who wins

Many thanks Javier Julian Enriquez and Yogesh Technomania for your complete and useful contribution in this issue. I think each hypothesis could be evaluated.

Dear researchers have a nice Sunday. My question regard the nature of Lombardia (N. Italy) Coronavirus: its death rate is not compatible with COVID19 but with SARS. WHY??? >> see data >> https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_novel_Coronavirus_in_N_Italy_Lombardia_COVID19_2019nCoV_SARSCoV2_shows_a_fatality_rate_compatible_with_SARS_Why

Hi,

I think, this virus is man-made and human error!

Many thanks Salvatore Vicidomini and Reza Fardid for your contribution in this issue.

You're welcome, dear Behrooz

Dear Dr. Fardid,

Based on the research paper published at 2015, this new virus was synthesized in laboratory!!

Initial studies indicates bat origin of coronavirus (COVID-19). Please see the following RG links.

Article A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of pr...

Article Bat origin of a new human coronavirus: there and back again

Preprint Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent ...

Article Novel coronavirus takes flight from bats?

This was not engineered. My interview from Feb 3, 2020. https://medium.com/@brianhanley/2019-ncov-is-not-engineered-text-of-an-interview-q-a-1327e7840ff0

I have a vaccine I tested on myself March 14, 2020. As long as a vaccine is done in a straightforward manner, it will work, and work well. You get problems when you deviate from that. Unfortunately patenting makes incentive to use methods that are not as reliable. Mine is a DNA vaccine that produces the Envelope, Membrane, Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins. I can share the E. coli containing the plasmid with people that want to produce it for use. The result will have to be cleaned of endotoxin before injecting. To contact me, download this paper. I am the lead author. An email that works is in the PDF. Article Aerosol influenza transmission risk contours: A study of hum...

Thank you Brian Hanley for your useful contribution in this thread. All people are awating for an affective vaccine. I hope your vaccine get certificate and use for all people.

Dears Prof. Arvind Singh, Amirhossein Ahmadi and Janet Lane, many thanks for your valuable reply in this issue. Although evidences showes that Covid-19 has animal origin but there are some assumtions for lab synthesis.

Sadly, Behrooz, over here, regulations are currently making that nearly impossible. I would be happy to send you some doses if you could cover the cost. And I could suggest some strategy for treatment in your country. Primarily, you can use blood transfusions, and serum of recovered patients.

Here is that blog. https://medium.com/@brianhanley/start-collecting-serum-and-whole-blood-of-recovered-patients-now-7a9c6d0ba96b

This was done very successfully in Africa. The key is to understand that T-cells in whole blood are more effective than antibodies.

I think it is very difficult to know the exact and the real origin of coronaviruse.

The global rabid spread of the COVID-19 may re questioning the known methods of diseases transmission.

the origin is difficult to determine

Dears Brian Hanley, Ademilade Aboginije, Aparna Sathya Murthy, Huda A Al-Sarraf, Janet Lane, Elhadi Mohieldin Awooda and Rasha H. Jehad

Many thanks for your valuable contribution in this thread. The longer the covid-19 epidemic begins, the more evidence of the virus becomes apparent. Based on available evidence that some viral scientists have reported, it does not appear to be a laboratory-made virus.

Agree with Prof Arvind Singh

@ Ademilade Aboginije

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is not man-made. Please see the link below.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9.pdf

Thanks!

Dear Prof. Arvind Singh, many thanks for your reply and the useful link.

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a new virus that contains the genomic sequence of human coronavirus and animal (Bat/snake) coronavirus. The virus is always species-specific. So, it is impossible for an animal coronavirus to infect human beings. This was possible due to genomic exchange and formation of a new virus.

How the exchange of genetic materials between human coronavirus and animal coronavirus has taken place and a new coronavirus be formed?

Probably, that was possible for human dietary habits. Human (harbours coronavirus) consumes animals that also harbour coronavirus might create a chance of exchanging genomic materials between human and animal coronaviruses and a new coronavirus formed, containing the genomic sequence of both of the human and animal.

I do believe this not a virus synthesized in a laboratory.

Epidemiological evidence of other epidemics/pandemics suggests the present pandemic will over within a few months.

Article The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-causes

Dear Harasit Kumar Paul,

Many thanks for useful reply in this issue.

Originally, scientists believed the virus may have developed in bats, and later pangolins.

However, genomic comparisons suggest that the SARS-Cov-2 virus is the result of a recombination between two different viruses, meaning the exact origin of the virus is still unclear.

Coronavirus (Covid-19) origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-origins-genome-analysis-covid19-data-science-bats-pangolins/

Please also have a look at the following RG links.

Article Origin and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

Article Emerging novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - Current scenario, e...

Article The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavir...

Kindly read the interesting scientific research articles.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9

Article The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavir...

Thanks Sadanand

https://www.researchgate.net/deref/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41591-020-0820-9

this paper is just a letter to editor

Dear scholars,

Many thanks for your contribution in this issue. I think the origin of Coivd-19 is not steel exactely obvious.

https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-flatten-the-curve.html

Hypothesis on Origin of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Dr. A. B. Kanduri, Ph. D Scholar

Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai (India)

Email: [email protected]

Most possible reason for mutation in virus may be due to exposure to radiation. It may be traditional radiation including UV-radiation (escaped from ozone layer) or radiation occurred due to earthquakes (Induced seismicity). Geographical areas having large mines or water reservoir (Dam) exhibited induced seismicity (Simson, 1986; Redmayne, 1988; Ellsworth, 2013: Wilson et al., 2017). Post-earthquake, a new kind of radiation energy was noticed along with seismic energy (Fukuyama, 2005). Even a low level of such radiation may significantly affect on genetic material of virus leading to mutation (Sakharov, 1992) and formation of novel strain (SARS -CoV-2).

A so called primary (eg. Bat) or intermediate host (eg. Civet cat or Camel) is always not required to propagate and spread contagious diseases to humans. Homo sapiens (Humans) also could be primary and intermediate host. We should not always blame voiceless to hide human mistakes.

Ever increasing global human population, increased demand for basic needs (water, food and infrastructure). Uncontrolled hybridization (crop / livestock), indiscriminate use of insecticides / pesticides / chemical fertilizers, antibiotics, vaccines resulted into poor innate immunity in Homo sapiens.

At another side, Bats, Civet cats, rodents or other domestic birds which were blamed to be primary or secondary reservoir, did not showed any mortality. It means, these animals or birds have significantly better immunity as compare to human. Knowing all these facts, humans have unnecessarily slaughtered huge number of animals (Tu et al. 2004) and birds in the past, blaming these innocent voiceless lives for spreading diseases.

I think, humans forgot Charles Darwin’s “Survival of the Fittest Theory”. Although humans have well developed brain but today they lost their innate immunity due to own mistakes. Nature always tries to teach lessons to human through many ways. Recently occurred Australian wild fire took lives of millions of innocent voiceless animals. In my opinion the wild fire was directly or indirectly connected to manmade “Global Warming”. And now this COVID-19 disaster took thousands of lives globally and still on its way.

Who is the real culprit…humans or animals?

What is the significant contribution of humans in this nature? Which pro-nature activity has been performed by global human population? When humans will understand the emotions of nature? Is it not our fundamental responsibility to conserve natural ecosystem, control human population, pollution, hybridization, use of hazardous chemicals (industrial chemicals, pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, antibiotics etc.). If we fail to control global human population (which is the prime reason of all problems) then nature itself shall take initiative to control it. If time lapses, we and our so called advanced technology can’t do anything. It seems, humans still have good time to learn… let’s come together and conserve our natural ecosystem…

References:

Ellsworth W. L. (2013) Injection-Induced Earthquakes. Science (2013); Vol. 341, Issue 6142, 1225942.

Fukuyama E. (2005) Radiation energy measured at earthquake source. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2005); VOL. 32, L13308.

Redmayne D. W. (1988) Mining induced seismicity in UK coalfields identified on the BGS National Seismograph Network. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications (1988); 5, 405-413.

Sakharov A. D. (1992) Memoirs. Publisher: Vintage; Reprint edition (14 April 1992), ISBN-10: 9780679735953, ISBN-13: 978-0679735953.

Simpson D. W. (1986) Triggered Earthquakes. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. (1986) 14: 21-42.

Tu Changchun, Gary Crameri, Xiangang Kong, Jinding Chen, Yanwei Sun, Meng Yu, Hua Xiang, Xianzhu Xia, Shengwang Liu, Tao Ren, Yedong Yu, Bryan T. Eaton, Hua Xuan, and Lin-Fa Wang (2004). Antibodies to SARS Coronavirus in Civets. Emerging Infectious Diseases (2004); 10 (12).

Wilson M. P, G. R. Foulger J. G. Gluyas R. J. Davies B. R. Julian (2017) HiQuake: The Human‐Induced Earthquake Database. Seismological Research Letters (2013); 88 (6): 1560–1565.

********************************

Experts suggest that the Coronavirus that causes Covid-19 might have come in contact with human through animals such as bats, etc.

hi sir.. i think .. it does not have been synthesized in the laboratory.

i agree with Dr. Ajay Kanduri

Dear scholars, many thanks for your contribution in this issue.

Currently, the source of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus (CoV) causing COVID-19 is unknown. All available evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has a natural animal origin and is not a constructed virus.

SARS-CoV-2 virus most probably has its ecological reservoir in bats. SARS-CoV-2, belongs to a group of genetically related viruses, which also include SARS-CoV and a number of other CoVs isolated from bats populations. MERS-CoV also belongs to this group, but is less closely related.

The COVID-19 pandemic which created fear among humain interaction, the well-knonw dangerous virus in the world, the virus that killed world economy in twin year 2020. Henceforth , this virus could be biologically developed or naturally occurred . The recent research published indicates the two assertions. Whatever reason , stay at home , stay safe.

COVID-19 has been linked to somewhere, either artificially made or naturally occurred, there should be responsible hands to alleviate our suffering at this moment.

Origin of Coronavirus

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/28/how-did-the-coronavirus-start-where-did-it-come-from-how-did-it-spread-humans-was-it-really-bats-pangolins-wuhan-animal-market

articles Provided by Singh are good

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THERAPEUTIC AGENTS AND VACCINES FOR COVID-19 AND RELATED HUMAN CORONAVIRUS DISEASES

Liu et al. (2020) undertake relevant and scientific research on the development of a vaccine for COVID-19 and provide an overview of published scientific information with an emphasis on patents in the CAS content collection, which may entail a real breakthrough in the search for COVID-19 vaccine:

“Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this disease has spread rapidly around the globe. Considering the potential threat of a pandemic, scientists and physicians have been racing to understand this new virus and the pathophysiology of this disease to uncover possible treatment regimens and discover effective therapeutic agents and vaccines. To support the current research and development, CAS has produced a special report to provide an overview of published scientific information with an emphasis on patents in the CAS content collection. It highlights antiviral strategies involving small molecules and biologics targeting complex molecular interactions involved in coronavirus infection and replication. The drug-repurposing effort documented herein focuses primarily on agents known to be effective against other RNA viruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The patent analysis of coronavirus-related biologics includes therapeutic antibodies, cytokines, and nucleic acid-based therapies targeting virus gene expression as well as various types of vaccines. More than 500 patents disclose methodologies of these four biologics with the potential for treating and preventing coronavirus infections, which may be applicable to COVID-19. The information included in this report provides a strong intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines.”

Bibliographical reference

• Liu, C., Zhou, Q., Li, Y., Garner, L. V., Watkins, S. P., Carter, L. J., ... & Albaiu, D. (2020). Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. Cynthia Liu, Qiongqiong Zhou, Yingzhu Li, Linda V. Garner, Steve P. Watkins, Linda J. Carter, Jeffrey Smoot, Anne C. Gregg, Angela D. Daniels, Susan Jervey, and Dana Albaiu, ACS Central Science 2020 6 (3), 315-331. DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272. Retrieved from: (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272). [Accessed May 5, 2020].

COV-19 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Kulchitsky et al. (2020) aim to analyze the results in detail evaluating “protective reactions of human body verified in the process of natural selection in wildlife when planning preventive and therapeutic measures” so that scientists will cope “with development of COVID-19 vaccine and the search for treatment methods,” as they rightly and cogently state. In that regard, Ahmed et al. (2020) also undertake highly focused research on this topic to leverage immunological studies of the structural proteins of SARS-CoV to potentially aid vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2. They focus specifically “on the S and N proteins as these are known to induce potent and long-lived immune responses in SARS-CoV, given the close genetic similarity between the structural proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.” That is why, Ahmed et al. (2020) emphasize that “further experimental studies (T cell and B cell assays) are required to determine the potential of the identified epitopes to induce a positive immune response against SARS-CoV-2.” They bring out that “this would help to further refine the reported epitope set, based on observed immunogenicity; an important consideration for immunogen design.”

Bibliographical references

• Ahmed, S. F., Quadeer, A. A., & McKay, M. R. (2020). Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses, 12(3), 254. Retrieved from: (https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/3/254). [Accessed April 25, 2020].
• Kulchitsky, V; Zamaro, A; & Koulchitsky, S. (2020). MICROBIOME, IMMUNITY, AND CORONAVIRUS. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1103.5211. Retrieved from: (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340884886_MICROBIOME_IMMUNITY_AND_CORONAVIRUS). [Accessed April 25, 2020].

An article by Yi Fan, from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, predicted the that the outbreak will originate from bats, and there is an increased probability that this will occur in China.

Find article attached

Bat Coronaviruses in China:

file:///C:/Users/MyAdasa/Downloads/viruses-11-00210.pdf

RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD NEW POSSIBLE COVID-19 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Scientists are current undertaking highly focused research on COVID-19 and some such as Liu et. al (2020) highlight that "the interaction of viral S protein with its receptor ACE2 on host cells, and subsequent viral endocytosis into the cells, may also be a viable drug target.” In that regard, Hemida et al. (2013) do also summarize and foreground key findings, underpinned by great value-laden theoretical, empirical, statistical, and socially significant findings in this context, as they point out:

“In a seroepidemiological study of domestic livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, chicken) and dromedary camels from Saudi Arabia, we find that only dromedary camels have evidence of seropositivity to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), suggesting an infection with a MERS-CoV-like virus. infection or whether they are being infected by a ubiquitous novel coronavirus closely related to MERS-CoV. As illustrated with SARS a decade ago and avian influenza A(H7N9) recently, identification of the animal source and the setting within which zoonotic transmission occurs can provide options for reducing repeated zoonotic transmissions and enhancing global public health. Finally, given the high titres of neutralizing antibody to MERS CoV commonly seen in dromedary camels, serum from these animals may provide an option for passive immunotherapy of patients with MERS, from whom no specific antiviral therapy currently exists.”

In line with the above, Hocke et al. (2013) undertake highly focused research on coronavirus disease. They bring out that MERS-CoV continues to cause lethal lower respiratory tract disease, raising urgent fundamental questions as to its cellular tropism and receptor usage in alveolar lung tissue, as well as to its pathogenic mechanism(s). As stated by these authors, then, in the absence of autopsy data from human victims, they succeed in modeling MERS-CoV propagation in human lung tissue and demonstrate an almost pantropic infection, as well as ubiquitous DPP4 receptor expression in bronchiole, alveoli, or vessels. Thus, Hocke et al. (2013) emphasize that antiviral approaches that block DPP4 usage are expected to reduce virus propagation in the distal parts of the respiratory tract.

Progressing in the exposed sense, Wan et al. (2020) give us an epistemological framework that might be a successful approach to coping with “Coronavirus- 2019-nCoV” with both fascinating theoretical and practical developments, as they point out that one of the long-term goals of their previous structural studies on SARS-CoV is to build an atomic-level iterative framework of virus-receptor interactions that facilitates epidemic surveillance, predicts species- specific receptor usage, and identifies potential animal hosts and likely animal models of human diseases. Like this manner, their study provides a robust test of this reiterative framework, providing the basic, translational, and public health research communities with predictive insights that may help study and battle this novel 2019-nCoV.

Anyway, as far as research currently directed toward new vaccine development is concerned, Navas-Martín and Weiss (2004) already revealed then in their study that much effort should be done in this sense to develop vaccine strategies against SARS-CoV. these authors indicate that the development of a vaccine against SARS needs to be based on the limited Knowledge gained from studies on the immune response in SARS-infected patients, as well as in the coronavirus vaccine strategies that have been developed over the years. They emphasize that most of the studies have focused on coronavirus infections on farm animals, but less is known on the immune response against human coronavirus HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. In general, Navas-Martín and Weiss (2004) bring to light that both humoral and cellular immune responses are required to protect against coronaviruses, given T- and B-cell epitopes have been mapped to various coronavirus proteins.

Bibliographical references

• Hemida, M. G., Perera, R. A., Wang, P., Alhammadi, M. A., Siu, L. Y., Li, M., ... & Peiris, M. (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18(50), 20659. Available at: (https://www.eurosurveillance.org/docserver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/18/50/art20659-en.pdf?expires=1584194901&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9B0F1FC5EDD0108DAD8906D463DA9B49)
• Hocke, A. C., Becher, A., Knepper, J., Peter, A., Holland, G., Tönnies, M., ... & Wendtner, C. M. (2013). Emerging human middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes widespread infection and alveolar damage in human lungs. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 188(7), 882-886. Available at: (https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/rccm.201305-0954LE)
• Liu, C., Zhou, Q., Li, Y., Garner, L. V., Watkins, S. P., Carter, L. J., ... & Albaiu, D. (2020). Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. Cynthia Liu, Qiongqiong Zhou, Yingzhu Li, Linda V. Garner, Steve P. Watkins, Linda J. Carter, Jeffrey Smoot, Anne C. Gregg, Angela D. Daniels, Susan Jervey, and Dana Albaiu, ACS Central Science 2020 6 (3), 315-331. DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272. Available at: (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272)
• Navas-Martín, S., & Weiss, S. R. (2004). Coronavirus replication and pathogenesis: implications for the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the challenge for vaccine development. Journal of neurovirology, 10(2), 75-85. Available at: (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13550280490280292)
• Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020). Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. Journal of virology, 94(7). Available at: (https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/94/7/e00127-20.full.pdf)

Accidentally launched future weapon of mass destruction sparing infrastructure fully.

When going gets rough, get the rough going.

Port Jeff. -67

Lou

COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally.

Where did Covid-19 come from? What we know about its origins

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/01/could-covid-19-be-manmade-what-we-know-about-origins-trump-chinese-lab-coronavirus

Thank you.

Lou

There's a level of confusion and obscurity regarding the origin of this pandemic. However, I think the true picture would surface apparently after the virus has come under full control globally!

Dear Prof. Rezaei!

There is evidence out there that this virus is of natural origin, but there still has been emerging claims and news about the possibility of laboratory origin:

Jacinta, Bowler (2020). "Scientists Are Tired of Explaining Why The COVID-19 Virus Was Not Made in a Lab" 20 April 2020 TREND MD - Network - ScienceAlert. Available at:

https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-what-scientists-think-of-the-coronavirus-was-made-in-a-lab-rumour

However there is still no 100 % CERTAINTY ABOUT THE DEFINITIVE TRUTH:

Katrina Manson & Sun Yu (2020). "US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins: Scientists co-operate on search for Covid-19 origins despite charges Beijing is withholding data " 27 April 2020 Financial Times

Citation: "Prof Lu said the problem with existing research on coronavirus was that it depended overwhelmingly on cases reported by hospitals, but that some people may have been infected with the virus and later developed antibodies before anyone was aware of the disease.... “very important” to study earlier infection cases given indications between 30 to 50 per cent of virus carriers do not show symptoms." Availabla at:

https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9-526c-4e4b-ac5f-0614bf1cffb3

My conclusion is that this virus has indeed originated from bats but there might have been an accident in a laboratory in China, where a researcher could have been infected without realizing it and became a host. He or she carried the virus out to public places, probably to market places and infected people...

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

Dear scholars, thank you much for your valuable contribution in this thread. I appreciate so much.

Perhaps Godzilla would be a better name for COVID-19?

Lou

China is hiding a lot from the world. China should allow independent investigation into the origin of the Coronavirus that causes Covid-19.

Please go through the following link:

Article COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristic...

Dear Chinaza Godswill Awuchi , Barbara Sawicka , Harasit Kumar Paul, Lou Schmitt , Thank you so much for useful contribution in this issue.

The Coronavirus Originated in Bats and Can Infect Cats, WHO Scientist Says

https://time.com/5834097/coronavirus-origin-bats-infect-cats-who/

The following study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 might have originated from the recombination of a Pangolin-CoV-like virus with a Bat-CoV-RaTG13-like virus.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2313-x_reference.pdf

Please have a look at the following link:

Article Corona Virus: A Review of COVID-19 History and Origin

Dear Prof Arvind Singh and dear Harasit Kumar Paul and dear

Chinaza Godswill Awuchi

Many thanks for contribution in this thread. your information is very useful

Where does the coronavirus disease come from?

SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of coronavirus that had not been seen in humans before. The epidemic began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, capital of the Hubei province. At first, the epidemic seemed to be linked to the South China Seafood City market. This market hosts merchants for seafood, poultry, bats, marmots and other wild animals, which indicates a probable animal origin of this virus. The virus was later confirmed to also transmit between humans. Cases have since been discovered in other regions of China and in other countries, often linked to a previous visit of Wuhan. The health authorities of the various affected countries are currently investigating this new coronavirus and the sources of the contamination.

https://www.health.go.ug/covid/faq/

The novel coronavirus was first discovered in China, and it rapidly spread around the globe. But where did it come from? "Based on everything that scientists have looked at of the genetic material, of this coronavirus, the similarity is closest to a virus in a bat.

Scientists believe a bat likely infected another animal before it infected humans. The intermediary animal is still a mystery but some scientists suspect it's likely a scaly mammal called a pangolin. "Then the virus evolved. It changed form, and it became ready to infect humans at a large scale," said Dr. Patel. How it got to humans is still unknown.

Please also see the following RG link.

Article Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the C...

Where did Covid-19 come from? What we know about its origins

https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/01/could-covid-19-be-manmade-what-we-know-about-origins-trump-chinese-lab-coronavirus

How did coronavirus start and where did it come from? Was it really Wuhan's ...

It's likely Covid- 19 originated in bats, scientists say. But did it then spread to ......

https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/28/how-did-the-coronavirus-start-where-did-it-come-from-how-did-it-spread-humans-was-it-really-bats-pangolins-wuhan-animal-market

Per reports it came from bats to humans.

Dear Arvind Singh and dear Chinaza Godswill Awuchi , thank you many for your useful links. I find more valuable information in these links about origin of Covid-19.

Please have a look at the link below:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9