US Army Corps has employed WASH123D to simulate Dade County Watershed in South Florida, which is about 1,200 Sq. Mi or 3,200 Sq. km very close to the size of your watershed. They conducted simulations of interactions among surface runoff, variably saturated groundwater flow, and flow dynamics in cannel networks with all kinds of control structures.

There are a lot of models and software on this topic . A group of these models is groundwater-based models which have the capability of introducing the surface-water body influence as well. Another group is based on the surface-water that have also the the capability of simulating the water penetration to the aquifer. There are also models that have specifically developed to incorporate the effect of surface water-subsurface water interactions.

As examples of the first group, you can use MODFLOW or MODFLOW-SURFACT for which many other additional software and models have been developed. If you wish to use these models, you can use the Visual MODFLOW software (Schlumberger Water Services "SWS", www.swstechnology.com, www.water.slb.com) which has no limitation on the size or scale of the simulated domain. This software also simulate the integrated Surface water-groundwater flow via DHI's MIKE 11 software package.

An example for second group of models is HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Modeling System) with focus on watershed characteristics by simulating the rainfall-runoff hydrograph of your model area. And finally, an example of the third group is Hydrus (University of California, Riverside) which in addition to possessing many of the mentioned capabilities includes the effect of water take-up by plants.

Hope this helps.

The groundwater extraction is too high in the catchment.. Also, water have been pumping from fractures which are 250 to 300 m bgl (below ground level) presently.. This deep gwl actually makes d selection of d model difficult...

You can use neural networks to empirically model dynamic, multivariate interactions more quickly and accurately than the mechanistic hydrological models that most folks are using. Several of my pubs describe how this has been done for a wide variety of problems. With the USGS, we've just completed a model that did weather and usage impacts on groundwater, lakes, and springs for central Florida around Orlando.

I have learned a program called hydrogeosphere, which is developed by University of Waterloo. Maybe you can go to their website to take a look.

The USGS modelds, PHREQC and NETPATH can be used to solve this problem. Both programs can be downloaded from the USGS website.

How about TOUGH2

Kindly suggest Freely available or Open source models/ softwares

Dr. Santhosh, you can use MODFLOW or GMS software for your modelling. MODFLOW 96 you may try for free version. VIC is not suitable for your application

To model at regional scale the exchange of water fluxes between the surface, unsaturated and saturated zones you may use GSFLOW from USGS, see http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/gsflow/gsflow.html.

GSFLOW integrates PRMS (surface and soil module) with MODFLOW-NWT or MODFLOW-2005 (saturated and unsaturated zone, te latter with UZF package). Being modular, MODFLOW comes with relevant packages such as SFR2 and LAKE (respectively streams and lakes simulation, including interactions with groundwater).

More info in the link above!

I personally developed a distributed, transient soil model that is coupled with MODFLOW-NWT, it is currently in beta version. See https://code.google.com/p/marmites/ for more info.

Dear Colleague

you can check this too...

http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/pdf/circ1139.pdf

best regards...

Would you like to do Hydrogechemical analysis too?

Dear Santhosh

I would suggest using Groundwater Vistas, which allows 50x50 grid as freeware. Otherwise its licensed version only cost about $1445. You can check at:

http://www.scisoftware.com/environmental_software/product_info.php?products_id=43

Try MIKE !!! It is very good!!

MIKE She is a good option

http://www.mikebydhi.com/Products/WaterResources/MIKESHE.aspx

Dear Colleague

you can check SWAT model.

What kinds of data sets are available ? Are you interested in equilibrium states or what time intervals are you interested in? How about relief systems. Recommendations by Dr. Frances are perhaps would be good.

you can use modflow, which has a reservoir package; you will need to enter the followings: land surface elevation, reservoir bed vertical hydraulic conductivity and its thickness. you can simulate more than reservoir. like most of the packages that has an outside source, modflow use a simple darcy law to move water from reservoir to groundwater. you need to specify the stage of the reservoir. if the water level goes below the land surface interaction stops. modflow is free by the USGS.

You can use MODFLOW or FEFLOW software for this modeling problem or both.

this is depends on how complete the available data set is. For both model, I would suggest enlarging your model area and refine your grid "telescoping mesh" on the area of the main interest. The reason for enlarging you area is to define boundary condition better.

Kind Regards

Dear Santhosh!

From your answer I can see that you are dealing with non homogeneous, i.e. fractured / fissured rock aquifer with articulated preference paths in the aquifer. For this task you may not find a suitable model. I would suggest to use the largest freeware model (regarding the number of cells) and experiment with defining fractures within your model by much higher permeability than the other part(s). No result can be guaranteed … but assuming that you are a good hydrogeologist I may anticipate that after some time playing with the model you will be successful enough for an engineering level of accuracy between rarity and the model.

Hint: Do not be tempted to change more than one parameter value at a time!

Hint2: Sensitivity analysis may save you a lot of time!

Hint3: FEM models have a distinct advantage over the (rectangular mesh) DEM models. See in the literature.

Good luck!

Hi Santhoch,

I agree with Zubari and Ebraheem - MODFLOW will be a good choice

I have conducted an extensive review on the design capability of physics-based models of coupled multiple media (subsurface media, land surface, river networks, and control structures such as weirs, gates, culverts, and management rules) and multiple processes of hydrology cycles (including evaporation, transpirations, infiltrations, recharge, groundwater flows, surface runoffs, river dynamics), thermal transport, salinity transport, sediment transport, water quality transport, biogeochemical cycles (including carbon cycles, phosphorus cycles, oxygen cycles, nitrogen cycles, metal cycles, etc), and biota kinetics. Attached is an invited seminar I made at Taiwan Water Resources Planning Commission in which I talked about watershed models and surface water models. Included in the attachment are all the animation files for the seminar.

Here is the ppt presentation

Attached is my review of physics-based models of coupled multiple media and multiple processes.

Dear Santhosh

I think "Aquifer Simulation Model for Windows" (Chiang et al., 1998) is a very good software to groundwater flow and transport modeling as well as to model interaction of shallow aquifer with surface water.

It is a free software and you can download it from the site: http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/publications/software/asmwin.

Att.

Viero

Dade County Watershed Simulation Animation

Circular Dam Break Animation

Lanyang River Basin animation

Lanyang River Basin Animation

I used a FEM Model (FEFLOW) in a 100 km² watershed with 60 piezometric wells and 5 water discharge stations here in the Brazilian Savanna. It is a very powerfull model but it is not free. To use such a powerfull model, obviously, you will need a great quantity of good data, what is not easy in a basin like yours (1400 km²).

I think, PMWIN 3D modeling can solve that easily. However, you have to be careful when using the conductance values of any surface water body, for the interaction will be determined based on that value.

I would think SWAT model will also be cool to test..

There are several analytical formulas in this regard that you can use. Numerical methods (soft wares) like Modflow may be useful to apply.

The model which i am going to suggest is not freely available but as a student labkit you can get it for a minimal price.

A coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model is a very good tool to simulate the shallow groundwater aquifer and surface water bodies interaction. Depending on the data you have it could be a good model to work on.

Haile Shishaye has complete understanding on the limitations of all models that employed the conductance as the interaction mechanism between surface and groundwater waters. If there is a less permeable layer between surface water and groundwater, then the use of conductance makes sense because the conductance is a physical parameter representing the hydraulic conductivity of the layer divided by the thickness of the layer. However, if a less permeable layer does not exist between the surface water and groundwater, the conductance has no physical meaning; it is simply a calibration parameter, which is only valid for the condition of calibration. It cannot be used to other conditions. Attached is a four-slide ppt that demonstrates this key issue.

Peyman Babakhani has excellently classified the interaction models into three types: (1) groundwater-based models, (2) surface water-based models, and (3) specifically developed models to incorporate the effect of surface water-subsurface water interactions. One should try to use the third category of models as much as possible. However, there is only a few of such models, e.g., WASH123D, FLO2D, etc.

I recomand any version of MODFLOW like PMWIN , I modeled a subsurface dam under an ephemeral river bed whith it. It uses finitte difference to calculate the goals.

What is more, I have heared about some additional programs or macros which can be applied in ARC GIS, if you wish to have plentyful presentation.

I have used Groundwatet Vistas i work rally nice.

I have used MIKE SHE by DHI and did a really good job. I'm sure it will be a very useful model as it is able to integrate surface water and groundwater interactions even with the unsaturated zone.

It was not clear to me if you had already the following (as below), if you do, then surely Modflow will assist in providing the answers for you to evaluate the corresponding scenarios with the correct questions.

I would suggest that you firstly define the conceptual model using the Groundwater Flow System Theory (Tóth, 1963..... 2012). Of course, you need to do some field work collecting piezometric data for inflow or outflow conditions along the water bodies and confirm these conditions with chemistry and stable isotope data. These actions will assist in defining the correct groundwater functioning that will incorporate surface water interaction and response.

The MODFLOW or MODFLOW-SURFACT is very good for your case steady, you can also use the Visual MODFLOW software.

I have used GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) for groundwater simulation including surface water interaction with river, canals, drains. It uses MODFLOW and other software for flow and solute transport. I think you can get it for acadmeic work with free limited time ,,,

I subscribe to the view that for the first experience of solving such problems is best to use MODFLOW

You can use MODFLOW under PMWIN. You get it for free from this website:

http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/publications/software/pmwin

There are two ways to model the interaction river-aquifer: One is with the river module. The other one is with the streamflow module. The latter is advisable if you want to also have a water balance of what is flowing in the river after interaction. This is something you might want to know when wells close to the stream diminish the stream flow or generally in dry climates where the interaction may be a big part of the river flow.

Regards, Wolfgnag

I thank you all for your nice suggestions from which I gained so much of knowledge..

If you are not an expert in this matter, AQUIFER SIMULATION MODEL is a simple model to start with.

Besides MIKE SHE DHI also offers FEFLOW in combination with MIKE 11 - depending on the actual goals one or the other could be the better solution. However, they're both commercial.

MODFLOW codes at USGS web can be used. If you can purchase Groundwater Vistas with MODFLOW and MT3D, which is a user friendly package. Visual Modeflow is also good

Besides to the above mentioned options, here below are also worthwhile to consider

1. GSFLOW?

2. VIsual MODFLOW coupled to MIKE 11

3. MODHMS ( from HGL) best for rigorous surface-groundwater treatment

please go to my page and check studies on the coasts of Aqaba

According to my experiences the best one is HYDRUS 2/3D by PC-Progress

There is no best model package in general, but the choice is determined by several factors. One would need more information on the detailed objectives of study, topography, landuse and soils of your catchment, the availability of data (spatial and temporal resolution) and your own education and experience, which play a major role concerning the minimisation of uncertainty. Obviously the interaction of groundwater and surface water is highly dynamic and bi-directional, evaporation plays an important role.

In summary, one would need answers for the questions I raised before I can give you a qualified recommendation.

In my opinion the best modeling approach is to couple a one dimensional agrohydrological model with a groundwater model. In the case SWAP coupled with MODFLOW is very helpful.

A coupling of GIS based MODFLOW and FEflow models will be pending on the availability of a complete data set on both surface and ground water systems

As you intend to use a public domain model (which excludes MIkeSHE and FEFLOW), I would certainly go for MODFLOW for the groundwater simulation. You have to decide on the temporal resolution. For 1400 km2 the response time of the system might be in the range of a day to a week, so a daily simulation is recommendable. Usually daily rainfall data is available to drive a soil moisture model to determine percolation. You can use HYDRUS, but required soil data (pF-Curves and related parameters) are not easy to get in less developed regions. You might use a soil moisture model relying on the US soil classification system, which is also used by FAO. (It is advisable to look at their models on Soil Water Atmosphere Transfer models, but there are several hundred others). You have to optimally combine study objectives, data availability, spatio-temporal resolution and parameter estimation. There is not fully objective approach to do that. This is why I like hydrology so much, there is a touch of art remaining in this discipline.

Another good one to consider is HydroGeoSphere. It is a fully integrated surface-subsurface model incorporating 3D variably saturated subsurface flow with surface flow. A review article describing the model has been written:

Groundwater, Volume 50, Issue 2, pages 170–176, March/April 201

And I believe it's available from the University of Waterloo as a public domain model for academic and public sector use.

I believe Aquanty now handles all licensing for Hydrogeosphere. It is my impression that they are much less generous with the academic and public sector use licenses than the good folks at Waterloo were. But it is a good package and it never hurts to ask!

You may try a couple of parsimonious models such as WetSpa and WetSpass for studying the interaction of groundwater with surface water:

http://www.vub.ac.be/WetSpa/introduction_wetspass.htm

http://www.vub.ac.be/WetSpa/

Actually, I focus on climate change impacts on groundwater resources and one of the parts of my PhD thesis is simulation of surface and groundwater interactions. After reviewing many papers, I have found integrated SWAT-MODFLOW is scientifically approved in many studies. For instance, a paper has been attached for your reference.

I personally used MODFLOW for modeling an Underground dam underneath an ephemeral river bed. It consist of high degree FD method for calculation of Underground water. what is more there is a report of APN that investigated several salinity intrusion in coastal aquifers in different places by MODFLOW. you may take a look at it.

I am uploading it right here.

Another model that you could use, and it is freely available, is GSFLOW (a USGS code that simulates surface water, vadose zone, and saturated groundwater flow. It has been used to study daily (I think) scale hydrologic response of a lake in Florida and has been used to study hydrology of catchments about the size of yours. But, it may be difficult to learn to use if you do not have any experience with MODFLOW.

According to my experience such modelling needs: i) to have good software package, for which you have already being instructed about it, and ii) most important, to have an excellent conceptual model that you might represent in your package; this implies to have some field information that you should interpret in 3D on how is surface water interacting with groundwater. If the surface water is resulting from (natural) discharge conditions, then you will possible require to study a larger area that your could have envisage at the beginning. Water chemistry and isotopes could prove very helpful as well as historical data (vegetation, water temperature) in this regard.

Try to use Wetspass model

Article Effects of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources (Gaza Str...

Thesis Effects of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources (Northern...

I used Groundwater vistas for modflow. It is available for bot 32 bit and 64 bit computers.

I strongly recommend FEFLOW!!!!

Dear Santhosh L G

Aquaveo GMS is a full package groundwater modeling software that use from many famous groundwater models such as various versions of MODFLOW.

I would say the same thing about Aquaveo GMS

Hydrus 2D/3D is good for simulating the groundwater aquifer and mimicking the transient subsurface flow.