These days you can have water quality testing kits like wags tack kit, for heavy metals you must have atomic absorption spectrometer with specific electrode for each metal. What is your email? I can share some of detailed water quality analysis protocols.

please look for this site:

 http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms50.cfm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5624e/x5624e05.htm

Try to follow Standard methods for water analyses described by Boyd and Tucker 1992.

Ion Chronograph is best option for you because in this technique you have not required much amount of chemicals and you can easily analysis the certain parameters like cation and anions.

We usually use APHA standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater - you can search through all of their publications online: http://www.standardmethods.org/ 

water quality by definition is characterised by the physical (pH, temperature, hardness, conductivity, etc), chemical (inorganic and organic), biological (bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites) and organoleptic/aesthetic parameters (taste, odour, smell, feel, colour). these are well documented in drinking water quality guidelines and standard documents worldwide. The standards will differ from region to region and nation to nation since local conditions will always be different based on the climate and geological make up of the area. The WHO guideline document receives rigorous revision by experts from all over the world. It gives a comprehensive list of parameters that are relevant to water quality. Most countries use it as a benchmark for developing their drinking water standards. Methods of analysis can be accessed also in some standards documents. There have been a lot of advancement in this area from the reference AWWA document for "Standard Methods for Water and Waste Water Analysis" to updated methods by the USEPA, SABS in South Africa, ISO, etc The advances will vary for each group of parameters from simple test kits to advanced methods of detection and measurement.

Water Quality parameters are divided into Physical, Chemical and Biological categories. Now a days straight forward easy to use relevant equipment are available through which all these parameters can be determined. For determining their permissible levels national and international standards/guidelines are available by which they can be compared and and their suitability can be checked.  

Every Country should have identified some reference methods to be used in water quality analysis... I think that the method of choice is up to what/who you are working for.. If it's just to check the nitrate levels in your aquarium or if the results could bring to the shut down of a waste water treatment plant because it doesn't comply with legal provisions

Attached please find the methods....

Follow CODEX Alimentarius 

For chemical analysis of water samples as your desired parameters can be done by following techniques

pH : pH meter

Hardness : volumetric

TDS: sum of cations and anions / gravimetric \ from specific conductivity

Nitrate : spectrophotometer 

Carbonates :  volumetric

Fluoride: selective ion electrode/ fluoride meter

Arsenic  and other heavy metals : atomic absorption spectrometer / ICP-MS

Thank you Dr Saxena. 

The discussion thus far provides very good information on how to measure individual parameters in water.  Concerning overall quality of the data, there are a few checks that can be applied.  One is electroneutrality; the sum of the equivalents of the anions is equal to the sum of the equivalents of the cations; for measured data there will be measurement error. For quality data, anions and cations sums should be within 5% of each other.  Also, if  measured pH, alkalinity, bicarbonate, and carbonate are consistent this is another indicator of good quality data.

May be an useful pdf:

http://www.water.wa.gov.au/PublicationStore/first/87152.pdf

Have a nice day

The National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) is a searchable database that allows scientists to find and compare analytical and field methods for all phases of environmental monitoring. Here's the link to NEMI: https://www.nemi.gov/home/. Our state-certified lab SOPs are for some of these parameters are posted online at http://www.uri.edu/ce/wq/ww/Publications/LabSOPs.pdf. Most of these methods are based on Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 

In addition to the variables already mentioned, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) may be added. Ion chromatography could be a very useful tool for ion, especially anion estimation. For arsenic estimation, hydride generation AAS or ICP is required. For most other relevant elements, flame AAS is a good option. 

Measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide by titration with sodium hydroxide solution should be done on site or as soon as possible, as CO2 will evaporate if taken from cool samples to a warm lab...

HI Kirishna

There are vary techniques for chemical analysis of water samples as your desired parameters In the book of standard methods for examination of water and wastewater that you can use them for your analysis, like recommended  Virendra Kumar Saxena

Dear Sir

There are so many techniques for  water quality analysis in the book of  Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater  22nd edition. Edited by Eugene W. Rice and one more book for water quality analysis is Physio-Chemical examination of water sewage and industrial effluents. Author : N.Manivaskam

Yes, Jayakumar Ranganathan's suggestion is very appropriate. I would only suggest that one of the membrane filter techniques should preferably be used and not the old MPN estimations. Both total and fecal coliform loads need to be determined. 

You can find many publications on the web for methods of analysis. I have attached two such publications here. Regarding water quality parameters, you can refer the BIS standards or WHO standards (attached herewith).

check out the information posted on the Canadian website for their water quality guidelines for the various substances (both for drinking and ambient water).

http://www.ccme.ca/en/resources/canadian_environmental_quality_guidelines/index.html

you can analysis of physio-chemical parameter as well as heavy metal through different methods given by EPA, APHA 19th edition 2005 and some analytical books and research paper. i have attached one book related your question hope you are satisfied after read this book 

You can used US salinity hand book for water quality parameter e.g. pH, EC, ca, Mg, Na, Cl, etc and for heavy metals also used DTPA extract and determine in ICP.