@Kou Hayakawa: Retroviruses actually can't complete their full life cycle without DNA transcription/translation although their genomes are not encoding the full necessary machinery (that's why they absolutely need a host). There is no living organism able to bypass the DNA to protein steps in their development/growth.

Hi there,

Because this process is universal in living organisms.

It's the basic genetic process for life if anything is doing that scientists would debate calling it a living thing

BTW, it is called the central dogma of molecular biology (not life)

Amended on 26 September 2017

I would like to express my opinion.   The notorious central dogma (belief put forward by some authority to be accepted as true without question; presented by an English physicist Dr. Francis Harry Compton Crick) seems to be not working in life or living thing or living organisms or creatures.  

Retrovirus can synthesize DNA from RNA via reverse transcriptase (RT).   I have recently found that human host DNA has been integrated a retroviral-gene of Endogenous retrovirus group K member 113 Gag polyprotein, and this gene has been expressed as protein at 2.7 μg/mg of tissue protein in an HCC tissue (designated as No. 6) (our unpublished observation; please see the method of protein detection in file "HepG2 fucoidan").   This finding indicates that genes of retrovirus are already integrated or lysogenized into human-host chromosomal DNA, and these genes are expressed due to stresses (in this case HCC-cancer tissue may have had the stresses of hyper nutrition (excess of biotin) and/or hypo oxygen, since normal liver tissues (n=3) have not expressed this gene) (please see file; Feed by Measure).

Further, RNA virus (except retrovirus) does not require DNA at all; i.e., RNA virus can synthesize proteins from RNA genomes (not from DNA genomes) without using transcription step.

Furthermore, mimivirus has been known to have part of translation system.

I also have recently found that fucoidan (sulphated poly-fucose; Mr 300,000) has been actively uptaken into the human body without digestion and excreted into urine without digestion (please see file; JCB Fucoidan active transport).   Interestingly, other human endogeneous polysaccharides hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate are uptaken passively.   Therefore, humans produce transport machinery proteins only due to fucoidan as a vitamin (humans can not biosynthesize fucoidan).   The genes for fucoidan transport proteins may be occurred in brown algae, which can produce fucoidan, for 3,000,000,000 years ago independently to procaryote (bacteria) and virus (procaryote and virus can not biosynthesize fucoidan).   However, I am not able to estimate that whether fucoidan transporter genes are present in humans or not at this time.  

In the human serum, many proteins and protein fragments of host human origin and of invaded microbes origin are circulating (please see file; JMBT alopecia 1).   Therefore, digestion of foodstuffs in humans seems only to prevent the dangerous allergy phenomenon.    With respect to milk allergy, it is noteworthy that Lactobacillus casei (Shirota) in the fermented beverage Yakult (Yakult Honsha Co. Tokyo, Japan) has taken up only β- Casein (Bovine sequence; 16- of precursor, 1- of mature) at 20.6% of cell protein and β- Lactoglobulin (Bovine sequence; 17- of precursor, 1- of mature) at 5.5% of cell protein without any digestion.   Bovine milk contains β- Casein (Bovine sequence; 16- of precursor, 1- of mature) at 7.9% of milk protein and β- Lactoglobulin (Bovine sequence; 17- of precursor, 1- of mature) at 2.8% of milk protein.    Therefore, it seems that fermented beverage by Lactobacillus casei can prevent the milk allergy (our unpublished observation). 

Thus, protein synthesis in humans may be performed via the reversed reaction connecting many proteins and peptide fragments by many proteases.   Connectin (Mr 3,800,000) may be synthesized other mechanism than translation (RNA to protein) since energy consumption (ATP consumption) becomes very much to biosynthesize such a large molecule (this idea has first been presented by an American famous Biochemist, Dr. Hans Neurath).   The importance of reversed reaction has been found in human milk biotinidase which is the same enzyme as biocytin (biotinyl-lysine) synthetase (please see file; Bct synthetase). 

Although I do not know how prions replicate or multiply, but only the idea of Dr. Hans Neurath can answer this issue.   It is noteworthy that only serum of gait disorder patient (may be a cerebellum disease with biotin deficiency) has Putative testis-specific prion protein/Protein M8 (34-94) at 5.0 μg/mg of serum protein (our unpublished observation).   Other 12 serum (including patient's sister and mother), 5 liver biopsies, one human breast milk, one Japanese bovine milk, and three cultured cells (Hc, hepatoma HepG2 and healed HepG2 (by fucoidan) have no prion.   Therefore, the prion may be the cause of this gait disorder patient, since this patient's biotin deficiency has been cured by biotin therapy but her gait disorder can not be fully cured yet.   Fucoidan seems to effect on the membrane protein metabolism (please see file; HepG2 fucoidan).   Then, fucoidan is also expected to be the drug for the prion disease in human brain (please see file; Feed by Measure).   Prion gene is surely present in humans, but the level of poisonous prion proteins should be elevated to cause brain disease (I am now estimating that the level of protein to induce diseases may be 2.5% of cell prorein; I am very grateful to Dr. Joel Subach (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) to lead me to this conclusion via discussion about Ebola virus (EBOV)).  Therefore, multiplication of poison prion-protein must be occurred without obeying central dogma.      

By the way, the presence of molecule is not dogma but truth.   Then, I would like to recommend the expression of molecular weight to use Av (to dedicate to the Italian Chemist Dr. Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, who discovered the molecule) instead of Da (English Chemist Dr. John Dalton (Fellow of the Royal Society; FRS), who denied the presence of molecule).   Therefore, I have previouly used the expression of molecular weigh as the relative molecular-mass (Mr) without unit in my articles.  

@Kou Hayakawa: Retroviruses actually can't complete their full life cycle without DNA transcription/translation although their genomes are not encoding the full necessary machinery (that's why they absolutely need a host). There is no living organism able to bypass the DNA to protein steps in their development/growth.

Dear Dominique Liger

Thank you very much

Dear Mohammad Tarek,

Thank you very much

Dear Maxim Freidin,

Thank you very much

Dear Kou Hayakawa,

Thank you very much

I believe I have been taught it's considered the central dogma of biology, not life! Leading credence to its universal process as a basis of biological construction!

Dear Arsalan Marsani Ahmed,

Thank you very much

Amended on 10 September 2017

Since protein biosynthesis is an important issue in biology, I have searched translation-related proteins (such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, ribosomal protein, ATP synthase, DNA-directed RNA polymerase or DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and eIF (Eukaryotic initiation factor)) by using the quantitative proteomics of PDMD method.

Surprisingly, fetal hepatocyte (non-cancer) Hc cells have no translation-related proteins (please again see the file; HepG2 fucoidan).

Bacteria (Lactobacillus casei (Shirota)) has 84.0 μg/mg of cell protein (becomes to 8.4% of total cell protein).

Hepatoma HepG2 (without fucoidan) has 6.7 μg/mg of cell protein, but healed HepG2 (with fucoidan) has 0.66 μg/mg of cell protein.   Fucoidan has reduced translation-related proteins for c.a. 10-fold, which has strongly linked to the two-fold slower growth rate (assessed by volume in 3 day's culture) in healed HepG2 than non-treated cancer-state HepG2.

HCC tissue (No.6) has 9.6 μg/mg of tissue protein, but LC tissue (No.6) has only 2.24 μg/mg of tissue protein.   Cancer HCC tissue has expressed 4.3-fold higher amount of translation-related proteins than LC (non-cancer) tissue.

Pseudo liver cancer (non-cancer) has 16.9, LC tissue (with leprosy) has 34.4, and HCC tissue (with PBC) has 39.6 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively.  

Bacteria seems to synthesize proteins by obeying Central Dogma, but eucaryotic non-cancer cells synthesize proteins by another mechanism than translation.   Cancer tissues seems to be similar to bacterial protein synthetic mechanism.   Then, bacterial cells and eucaryotic cancer cells produce proteins via central dogma, but eucaryotic non-cancer cells produce proteins via another mechanism than central dogma (p < 0.05; n1=2. n2=6; Mann-Whitney's U test; one-tailed test).   Leprosy (LC tissue) and Pseudo cancer have been considered to be changed in translation mechanism similar to bacteria.   This indicates that LC is the pre-cancer state, and HCC is usually occurred through the state of LC.   

I am very grateful to Dr. Md Bokhtiar Rahman (Primeasia University, Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka, Bangladesh) to leading me to this important finding. 

Thank you very much Dr. Kou Hayakawa

for your good detail answer

Further amended on 10 September 2017

I must verify the hypothesis of Dr. Hans Neurath that "protein biosynthesis is occurring via reversed-reaction of proteases".

Sum of  Neurath-related proteins such as proteases, biotinidase/biocytin-synthetase/enkephalin-amino-exopeptidase (please see file; Biocytin synthetase and Enk serumBIN), and lipoamidase/lipase (please see file; Multiple hydrolase LIP) are calculated and compared.

Bacteria (Lactobacillus casei (Shirota)) has only one metallo-protease (Lethal factor) at 0.95% of total cell proteins (biotinidase and lipoamidase of this bacteria have not yet been reported).

Normal fetal hepatocyte Hc has Neurath-related proteins at 7.3% of total cell proteins.   Serine-type protease is present at 2.1%.

Hepatoma HepG2 (without fucoidan; has been deceased at 15y) has Neurath-related proteins at 4.0% of total cell proteins.    Serine-type protease is present only at 0.22%.   This cells have HIV-1, HCV, NDV (Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase), and FluA (Neuraminidase).   But, healed HepG2 (with fucoidan) has Neurath-related proteins at 7.7% of total cell proteins.   Serine-type protease is increased to 1.8% by fucoidan treatment, but this seems to be non general, since HCC tissue (with PBC) has 2.1% of serine-type protease.   

Normal liver tissue (Pseudo liver cancer) has them at 8.0% of total tissue proteins. 

LC tissue (with leprosy; who has died of cancer) has them at 9.6% of total tissue proteins.   This patient seems to have been died by co-infection of HIV-1, HCV and FluB (Neuraminidase).   Therefore, viral neuraminidase seems to be very toxic protein to cancer patients. 

LC tissue (No.6) has them at 8.7% of total tissue proteins.   And, HCC tissue (No.6) has them at 7.9% of total tissue proteins.   HCC tissue of this patient has HIV-2, SIV, HCV, and FluA (Nucleoprotein) without HVI-1, and he has been able to survive. 

HCC tissue (with PBC; who has died of cancer) has them at 5.6% of total tissue proteins.   This HCC tissue has HIV-1, HCV, and NDV (Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase). 

This result strongly indicates that the Neurath's hypothesis of "protein biosynthesis is occurring via reversed-reaction of proteases" is true in non-cancer eucaryotic cells.  This result is significantly supported by the Mann-Whitney's U test (p < 0.05; n1=4, n2=5; one-tailed test).

Then, the information of DNA-genes for proteins seems to be present as one model gene for protein biosynthesis, and this model gene is present for replication (DNA to DNA) to pass to descendants and for make one model protein.   Thus, fetal-type biotinidase gene is present only one model (Fetal-Inflamatory-biotinidase; please see file, Fetal-BIN Cole).   However, other many biotinidase proteins in human organs seem to be made in according to the Neurath's hypothesis without using translation reaction, and the purified human-serum biotinidase has many variable amino acids as determined by the Edman degradation analysis (please see file; Structure BIN (in Japanese)).   One model protein (via one mRNA from model DNA gene) may be helping the reverse reaction of protease (protein synthetase).   Therefore, serum biotinidases are accumulated in blood by the excretions from various human organs (please see file; J Chrom B rat BIN).  

This mechanism of protein biosynthesis in eucaryotic cells can explain why prion protein can multiply; i.e., one eucaryotic prion gene (prion gene is surely present in eucaryote) produce one prion protein, and multiplication of prion protein is possible to occur through Neurath's hypothesis using this one model of prion protein.   Therefore, procaryotic cells have no prion disease although virus (bacteriophage) disease is present even in procaryotic bacterial cells.

Further, biosynthesis of Connectin/titin (Mr 3,810,000; c.a. 34,000 amino-acids residues) via translation requires c.a. 60 min, and such a long time of translation may cause hydrolysis of synthesized protein by endogenous proteases.           

I am very grateful again to Dr. Md Bokhtiar Rahman (Primeasia University, Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka, Bangladesh) to leading me to this very important finding. 

By the way, if the Neurath's hypothesis is true in non-cancer eucaryotic cells, eucaryotic cells may have been independently occurred differently from the occurrence of procaryotic cells.   Eucaryotic life is independent to procaryotic life.   Procaryotic cells then may have symbiotically invaded into eucaryotic cells such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, and possibly Golgi body (origin of intracellular organelles in eucaryotes).

Therefore, notorious "evolution theory" or "evolution hypothesis" seems to be wrong. 

Amended on 25 August 2017

I have recently found that fucoidan from edible Japanese brown-alga Mozuku is the safe anticancer foodstuff/drug (please see file; Rat DEN Np-Mozuku).   Brown algae is an archaic eucaryote, and biosynthesis of fucoidan (sulphated poly-L-fucose) seems to be important.    I think that biosynthesis of fucoidan is also performed by Neurath's hypothesis; i.e., fucoidan biosynthesis may occur via reversed reaction of fucosidase using L-fucose as substrate (although in vitro study, please see file; Polysaccharide synthesis Kyoto).   Procaryote uses replication and transcription reaction to synthesize DNA and RNA, and polysaccharide synthesis requires UDP- or GDP-sugars in order to differenciate between DNA or RNA synthesis from polysaccharide synthesis.   Eucaryote does not obey central dogma, and such tagging of sugar seems to be not necessary.     

Eucaryotic Mozuku (brown alga) must fight against invation of bacteria (procaryote) and virus, and high molecular weight fucoidan (using now rarely used L-type fucose) must have been biosynthesized from c.a. 3,000,000,000 years ago.   It is interesting that the most important charasteristics of cancer cells is the fucosylation of cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids (please see file; Dr. Aoyagi Fucose).   Plant (newer eucaryote than brown algae lives in the surface of the earth) may have lost the ability of fucoidan biosynthesis, instead changed the substrate specificity of fucosidase (synthesizing fucoidan) to cellulase (synthesizing cellulose).   Changing the substrate specificity is achievable by changing glycochains of eucaryotic glycoprotein enzymes without any help of DNA (please see file; JMBT alopecia 1).   Cellulose in plants is a mechanical barrier against bacteria and virus, and simultaneously prevents loss of water, but Mozuku (brown alga) which lives in the sea does not have cellulose, but using only fucoidan and alginic acid.   It is noteworthy that alginic acid also contains L-type sugar (copolymer of β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-glucuronic acid).

Added on 27 August 2017

I have observed that Small Molecular Weight Fucoidan (Okinawa-fucan) has a growth factor activity onto liver cell lines such as fetal normal Hc, HuH-6, HuH-7, HepG2 and urinary bladder cancer cells of T24, 5637, and JMSU-1 (my unpublished observation at Gunma University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan).

I have also observed that Nigero-oligosaccharide stimulate the growth of cultured liver cell lines (my unpublished observation at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan).

Inversely, High Molecular Weight Fucoidans have surely repressed the growth of liver cell lines (please see again file; Rat DEN Np-Fuco).  

Human breast milk and colostrum of bovine milk have Galacto-oligosaccharide, which is known to be a growth factor for some bacteria.

This effect is general onto normal immortal cultured cells and onto normal baby.   Then, Oligosaccharides seem to be the safe nutritional molecules to be taken at an adequate amount (please see file; Feed by Measure).   But, cancer patients should not take foodstuffs containing Oligosaccharide.  

These results suggest that Oligosaccharides may be a direct molecular source for polysaccharide biosynthesis via the Neurath's hypothesis.   Therefore, oligo-saccharides should be added into the culture medium to study the eucaryotic cells in addition to biotin and Fe.