Dear Moslem Abarian, Polyamines are low molecular weight aliphatic molecules, and ubiquitously present in all living cells. Different types of polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were found to be highly involved in various cellular and biological processes. Polyamines contribute to the modulation of chromatin structure, transcription, and translation processes, DNA stabilization, signal transduction processes, membrane stability, stress tolerance, functioning of ion channels, etc.
Several studies have documented that polyamines function in stress tolerance or resistance by modulating the homeostasis of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyamines play an essential role in regulating antioxidant defense systems or suppressing the production of ROS via its scavenging.
The decarboxylation of ornithine forms putrescine. Ornithine is available and can also be formed within the cell from arginine amino acid by the action of an enzyme arginase.
Polyamine synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. As we know that polyamines are synthesized from two amino acids such as L-methionine and L-ornithine. Synthesis of spermidine and spermine involves the action of two enzymes such as the S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) and second, spermidine synthase or spermine synthase which catalyze the transfer of the aminopropyl group to the primary amine groups of putrescine or spermidine.
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