The most economically and technically feasible method of water treatment is considered the method of reverse osmosis. See related articles.

Desalination by reverse osmosis can be effective, but the economics of the process should be considered: the membranes cost, energy usage to create pressure, the performance of a single unit - all this must be considered when comparing with other methods. Us for me - reverse osmosis is the most promising way.

I think the question refers to the effluent-brine handling practices (during brackish/seawater desalination). The selection of an appropriate treatment/disposal method is specific to the conditions of each desalination project, and a very challenging task, with outcome subject to review, approval, and control (regarding implementation plans) by relevant authorities worldwide. Deep well injection is considered as one of the most suitable methods for disposal of concentrate from inland brackish water desalination plants. Evaporation ponds and land application are brine management alternatives, mainly for relatively small-size plants, in geographic areas where climate and soil conditions are favorable. Regarding the common case of surface water body discharge of concentrates, a comprehensive treatment is provided by Voutchkov (Mc Graw Hill, New York. ISBN: 978-0-07-177716-2) of all the issues to be addressed during the planning stage of a project in support of permit applications.

Perez-Gonzalez et al. (Water Res 46:267–283) reviewed traditional brine treatments such as evaporation and crystallization as well as other novel methods aiming to achieve zero liquid discharge and recovery of valuable compounds from these effluents; regarding the latter, there are encouraging results obtained at laboratory or pilot plant scale, not close to applications at large scale.

Morillo et al. (Desalination 336:32–49) presented an interesting comparative review study of brine management technologies. They dealt with methods (at various degrees of development) for reducing/eliminating brine disposal, for commercial salt recovery, brine adaptation for industrial uses and recovery of other inorganic compounds. Solar evaporation, electrodialysis, integrated processes, and brine adaptation for the chloralkali industry were included in this report.

Subramani and Jacangelo (Sep Purif Technol 122:472–489) reviewed methods for volume reduction of RO brine, classified as membrane-based, thermal-based, or emerging technologies. The latter included forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD) which are at the development stage.

The option in which the price of salt production is lower than the cost of salt. Evaporation and crystallization are applications for inland desalination plants, limited by production capacity.

In Sonora may be feasible to use brine from SWRO plants, as feedwater in Solar distillation desalination plants, MED or Membranes and thus reduce the volume of discharge even the climate can allow to dispose this superconcentrate in evaporation ponds at the end everything is cost/benefit ratio. .

agree with @ Konstantinos Vasilios Plakas

Konstantinos Vasilios Plakas.

Thanks for your answers. However, I believe that the methods of evaporation and crystallization are for pilot plants, on a large scale reaching zero discharge is complicated. My question is related to that, which processes can be implemented so that on a large scale it reaches zero downloads

Thanks for the response Dr. Felipe Correa. I agree with you and constantinos regarding the generation of techniques to evaporate and crystallize.

What do you think about solar thermal energy and fresnel-type concentrators, heat the rejection water of desalination plants and have a more option of heating fluids through heat exchanges

MED process requires about 27 kWh/m3 of thermal and electromechanical energy.

Consider

--Solar radiation.

-- Area.

--Equipment investment in $ / m3

The concentrators can be a good option if they lower the demand of solar exhibition area and the investment cost of the equipment and its amortization.

It is necessary to study the potential of solar distillation in membranes, it is a process that emulates nature

Thanks Dr. Felipe.

On an intermittent basis, the hypersaline discharge from desalination plants can be used to control marine harmful algal blooms (red tides). The salinity limit of most red tide organisms is generally lower than the salinity limits tolerated by many other marine organisms and the hypersalinity is dissipated by mixing. We are pushing the beneficial reuse of desalination plant hypersaline discharges to treat red tides.

Please check:

https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-desalination-handbook/gude/978-0-12-809240-8

I wrote one chapter on this book and am sure you will find the answer of many question there.

Thanks Ozeair. But this methods consider the part economic or only the environmental?

Dear German

Direct discharge of brine into seas through marine diffusers could be an economical way and in many cases a good and environmental friendly method for the brine disposal. However, in some cases like discharge into lakes, Gulfs and water bodies with little flushing could not be a long lasting solution.

To meet the ambient water quality standard it always work to used multi port discharges