Sodium and potassium are both related to hypertension ,which one is , Every body believe that sodium and potassium are related to hypertension diseases, there is considerable controversy about the role of sodium, first, as a cause of essential hypertension and, second, whether its reduced intake has any effect on established high blood pressure. Potassium intake may play a protective role in preventing the development of essential hypertension and/or ameliorating it when it is established. From an evolutionary point of view, sodium is a vital cation; one of its major functions is to regulate the extracellular fluid volume. Over the centuries, because of the obvious difficulties of obtaining sodium away from the sea, mammals have developed powerful mechanisms to conserve sodium in both urine and sweat and have also developed an instinctual appetite to seek out sodium. We have acquired the ability to obtain salt both from the sea and from mines and have found that it can be used to preserve food during the winter. It re therefore not surprising that salt has become an extremely important material, with great religious importance in early civilizations and great economic significance. In most developed countries, consumption of sodium is extremely high, around 100-400 mmols/day compared to the 5 to 10 mmols/day eaten ,so is sodium and potassium really matter,but now which element is important?
Dear Professor Alasadi,
Maybe the following papers will help you on the subject:
Perez V, Chang ET. Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors. Adv Nutr 201414;5(6):712-41. https://academic.oup.com/advances/article-pdf/5/6/712/23738725/712.pdf
Xu J, Chen X, Ge Z, Liang H, Yan L, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ma J. Associations of Usual 24-Hour Sodium and Potassium Intakes with Blood Pressure and Risk of Hypertension among Adults in China's Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017;42(1):188-200. https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/475486
Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;4:CD004022. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub4/full
Iwahori T, Miura K, Ueshima H. Time to Consider Use of the Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio for Practical Sodium Reduction and Potassium Increase. Nutrients 2017;9(7):E700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537815/pdf/nutrients-09-00700.pdf
Ware LJ, Charlton K, Schutte AE, Cockeran M, Naidoo N, Kowal P. Associations between dietary salt, potassium and blood pressure in South African adults: WHO SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017;27(9):784-791. https://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(17)30138-2/fulltext
Park YM, Kwock CK, Kim K, Kim J, Yang YJ. Interaction between Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Urinary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium-Potassium Ratio on the Risk of Hypertension in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2017;9(3):E235. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372898/pdf/nutrients-09-00235.pdf
Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Kang Y, Tian X, Wang X, Peng J, Zhu Z, Han Y. Associations of urinary sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with hypertension prevalence and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prehypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017;19(12):1231-1239. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jch.13104
Vega-Vega O, Fonseca-Correa JI, Mendoza-De la Garza A, Rincón-Pedrero R, Espinosa-Cuevas A, Baeza-Arias Y, Dary O, Herrero-Bervera B, Nieves-Anaya I, Correa-Rotter R. Contemporary Dietary Intake: Too Much Sodium, Not Enough Potassium, yet Sufficient Iodine: The SALMEX Cohort Results. Nutrients 2018;10(7):E816. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073158/pdf/nutrients-10-00816.pdf
Newberry SJ, Chung M, Anderson CAM, Chen C, Fu Z, Tang A, Zhao N, Booth M, Marks J, Hollands S, Motala A, Larkin J, Shanman R, Hempel S. Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Jun. Report No.: 18-EHC009-EF. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519328/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK519328.pdf
Yin L, Deng G, Mente A, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang Y, Bo J, Chen H, Liu X, Gao N, Bai X, Rangarajan S, Li W. Association patterns of urinary sodium, potassium, and their ratio with blood pressure across various levels of salt-diet regions in China. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):6727. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5928163/pdf/41598_2018_Article_25097.pdf
Jackson SL, Cogswell ME, Zhao L, Terry AL, Wang CY, Wright J, Coleman King SM, Bowman B, Chen TC, Merritt R, Loria CM. Association Between Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Blood Pressure Among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014. Circulation 2018;137(3):237-246. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029193
Weaver CM, Stone MS, Lobene AJ, Cladis DP, Hodges JK. What Is the Evidence Base for a Potassium Requirement? Nutr Today 2018;53(5):184-195. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6181280/pdf/nt-53-184.pdf
Kyung Kim M, Kwon M, Rhee MY, Kim KI, Nah DY, Kim SW, Gu N, Sung KC, Hong KS, Cho EJ, Jo SH. Dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019 Jan 6:2047487318819528. doi: 10.1177/2047487318819528. [Epub ahead of print]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2047487318819528?journalCode=cprc
Komnenov D, Levanovich PE, Rossi NF. Hypertension Associated with Fructose and High Salt: Renal and Sympathetic Mechanisms. Nutrients 2019;11(3):E569. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/3/569/pdf
Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium; Food and Nutrition Board; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 Mar. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK538102.pdf
Best wishes from Germany,
Mart
my answer is yes both of these metabolite have very deep affect on hypertension.
but these metabolites work as a antagonist to reach other.
Sodium is the main responsible for hypertension.but sodium in diet is more critical,
e importance of dietary sodium chloride in the regulation of blood pressure has received much attention over the past few years. This area of research and knowledge has been controversial for several reasons. The major reason for controversy is that the science of the relationship is difficult to ascertain. Population science is limited by the narrow range of dietary sodium intake by most populations and individuals and the multiple confounders in those populations at the extremes of intake. Results from clinical trials have been difficult to interpret because of the difficulty in maintaining a given level of sodium intake over a period of time sufficient for study. Furthermore, basic science studies have been challenged by identifying appropriate models that mimic salt-sensitive hypertension in humans. Moreover, a lack of a well-funded proponent in industry complicates the research challenges.
Guyton’s concept that the role of the kidney in handling sodium is key to the long-term regulation of blood pressure ,
Potassium is a key mineral that the body relies on heavily to function properly. It helps to lower blood pressure by balancing out the negative effects of salt.
mainly sodium ,but again the ration of sodium to potassium
Sodium and water retention are the main cause of hypertension whatever the cause.
Dear wesam ,you are right but the ration is sodium to potassium is 10 to 1
Primary hypertension is mainly due to salt and water retention, there is hereditary predisposition for this
Dear Magdy ,yes salt is one reason ,also heridity in genees and family record.
There is differences for which one is raising pressure, T HERE is considerable controversy about the role of sodium, first, as a cause of essential hypertension and, second, whether its reduced intake has any effect on established high blood pressure. Potassium intake may play a protective role in preventing the development of essential hypertension and/or ameliorating it when it is established. From an evolutionary point of view, sodium is a vital cation; one of its major functions is to regulate the extracellular fluid volume. Over the centuries, because of the obvious difficulties of obtaining sodium away from the sea, mammals have developed powerful mechanisms to conserve sodium in both urine and sweat and have also developed an instinctual appetite to seek out sodium. We have acquired the ability to obtain salt both from the sea and from mines and have found that it can be used to preserve food during the winter. It re therefore not surprising that salt has become an extremely important material, with great religious importance in early civilizations and great economic significance.
i shall put this mechanism for sodium role , mechanism whereby a high sodium intake might cause high blood pressure is not certain, but most authors agree that there must be some defect in the kidney's ability to excrete sodium. This could give rise to retention of sodium and water, increased cardiac output, and, by auto regulation, increased peripheral resistance. However, the fact that plasma volume and extracellular volume are not raised in essential hypertension, but tend to be reduced, makes this explanation unlikely. On the whole, experimental evidence is against this concept, and also does not explain the increasing evidence of abnormalities of sodium transport in patients with essential hypertension. In particular, there is evidence of inhibition of the ouabain-sensitive component of the sodium pump.10" 12 There is also evidence from kidney cross-transplantation experiments in animals that,
The research I've seen is that only 10% of those with hypertension are sensitive to sodium.
Dear Mark ,sodium is very crucial to raise hypertension ,as more than 10 percent said that raise hypertension .
