I am studying research papers relevant pipe bend/elbow analysis. In most of the papers closed form solution has been given. How this closed form solution are obtained I just didn't understood. What is the basis of equation formation?
Closed form solutions are derived from analytical fundamental concepts. closed forms are mathematical functions that has finite solution. For eg. Beam theory in mechanical and civil engineering.
You can use the results obtained from FEA and compare it with the results obtained from closed form solutions.
Mainly there are two ways to solve the problem i.e. analytical method and numerical method. If you solve your problem with analytical method (that is quite difficult) then you will get the closed form solutions. Whereas, FEM is a numerical method which makes problem easier but provides an approximate solution.
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