The interfacial chemical bonding between nano-filler and polymer matrix could not be observed by SEM or TEM technique. By general Foutier Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the chemical bonding also can not be confirmed sometimes due to the complexity of polymer matrix. The nano-FTIR could detect the chemical structure of materials at nanoscale microregion, so it is available to characterize and obtain the structure information of the interfacial chemical bonding between nano-filler and polymer matrix?
Detection of the interfacial chemical bonding is extremely difficult because the amount of materials involved at the interface is at best monomolecular layer equivalant. Thus, you need nano fillers with surface area at least around 100 m2/g to be able to study with reasonable chance. Many systems try to study the chemical bonding that is similar to the substrate structure. For example, chemical bonding between a silane coupling agent and a siliceous substrate. In this case, both coupling agent and substrate have Si-O-Si bonds and discrimination of the interfacial bond is extremely difficult, though theoretically a frequency shift is expected. This problem becomes even more difficult, if not impossible, if you use a bulk amount of matrix. You can prepare a model system where a near monomolecular level of matrix was adsorbed on the nano filler, so that the spectrum of the matrix will not strongly interfere and the intensity of the interfacial bond will be somewhat comparable to the covering matrix spectrum. The substrate spectrum of much more stable and you should be able to subtract to highlight the interfacial material spectrum. Without subtraction of the substrate spectrum, it would be difficult to study the interfacial bonding. A few to several molecular layer equivalent of matrix with nano fillers with surface area of at least 100 m2/g will allow you to study the interfacial bonds, although even this system will not be easy and you need to have extremely well calibrated and maintained spectrometer to obtain stable spectrum. The situation becomes easier if the substrate structure is very different from the interface material. In the following paper, we detected the direct evidence of interfacial bond formation using a diffuse reflectance FTIR technique. To my knowledge, this is the first direct observation of the interfacial bonds, though prior to this paper there are hundreds of papers claiming the study or observation of the interfacial chemical bonding.
J.D. Miller and H. Ishida, " Quantitative intermolecular reaction of hydrolyzed trialkoxysilanes at submonolayer, monolayer and multilayer surface coverages," Langmuir, 1986, 2, 127-131.
Dear Dr. Zhengdong Wang ,
Interphase characterization can be achieved by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). Please, see the attached file.
Regards,
Akram
Dear all, different spectroscopic and mechanical tests are used to characterize the interface due to both bondind and non-bonding energies. Please check the following documents. My Regards
10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.09.016
10.1007/s10965-016-1181-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811071-3.00009-3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10965-016-1181-4
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00430
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC01296C
Detection of the interfacial chemical bonding is extremely difficult because the amount of materials involved at the interface is at best monomolecular layer equivalant. Thus, you need nano fillers with surface area at least around 100 m2/g to be able to study with reasonable chance. Many systems try to study the chemical bonding that is similar to the substrate structure. For example, chemical bonding between a silane coupling agent and a siliceous substrate. In this case, both coupling agent and substrate have Si-O-Si bonds and discrimination of the interfacial bond is extremely difficult, though theoretically a frequency shift is expected. This problem becomes even more difficult, if not impossible, if you use a bulk amount of matrix. You can prepare a model system where a near monomolecular level of matrix was adsorbed on the nano filler, so that the spectrum of the matrix will not strongly interfere and the intensity of the interfacial bond will be somewhat comparable to the covering matrix spectrum. The substrate spectrum of much more stable and you should be able to subtract to highlight the interfacial material spectrum. Without subtraction of the substrate spectrum, it would be difficult to study the interfacial bonding. A few to several molecular layer equivalent of matrix with nano fillers with surface area of at least 100 m2/g will allow you to study the interfacial bonds, although even this system will not be easy and you need to have extremely well calibrated and maintained spectrometer to obtain stable spectrum. The situation becomes easier if the substrate structure is very different from the interface material. In the following paper, we detected the direct evidence of interfacial bond formation using a diffuse reflectance FTIR technique. To my knowledge, this is the first direct observation of the interfacial bonds, though prior to this paper there are hundreds of papers claiming the study or observation of the interfacial chemical bonding.
J.D. Miller and H. Ishida, " Quantitative intermolecular reaction of hydrolyzed trialkoxysilanes at submonolayer, monolayer and multilayer surface coverages," Langmuir, 1986, 2, 127-131.
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