Dear Dr. Trajano F. B. X. da Silva , you come up with an interesting as well as a very challenging issue. In Korea, west management system is highly organized. Please have a look into the following very helpful information retrieved form (https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/south-korea/housing/setting-up-home/waste-recycling#:~:text=South%20Korea%20has%20a%20highly,objects%20are%20disposed%20of%20separately.)

Garbage, rubbish, waste and trash: find out about waste collection and recycling in South Korea...

South Korea has a highly organised waste management system known as jongnyangje. Waste disposal and recycling policy is set by the Ministry of Environment, and garbage collection is organised at a municipal level. Household food waste, recyclables, non-recyclables and large objects are disposed of separately. Following this system is mandatory: here are penalty charges for non-compliance, and also rewards for reporting non-compliance.

There is no direct fee for garbage collection: funding comes from the sale of garbage bags that are colour-coded by waste category and usable in only one district. Colour-coding varies between districts, and collectors will not accept non-standard bags.

Disposal is typically centralized in large buildings. Most will have a waste disposal area, communal bins and a caretaker whose responsibility it is to supervise waste disposal. If no waste disposal area or caretaker is present, garbage bags can only be left outside the house between certain hours on the designated day. These are usually between late evening and early morning.

The four separate categories of waste in South Korea are:

• Landfill waste
• Organic waste
• Recyclables
• Large waste objects

Organic waste should be dried out before disposal. In general, organic waste constitutes anything that could be fed to livestock. Objects such as fruit stones, bones, nutshells and teabags should be placed in the landfill container.

Paper, glass, steel, fabrics and plastics are recycled in South Korea, though recycling arrangements vary from place to place. Recycling must always be separated into types and compressed or flattened before disposal. In large buildings, recyclables must be separated into specific communal bins.

Large waste objects, such as bicycles and televisions, will be collected if left in the general collection area with the correct large object disposal sticker attached to them. Large object disposal stickers of different types can be bought at district offices.

seek to limit the amount of waste going to landfills by focusing on increasing recycling levels and reducing waste creation. Increase the use of resources in waste, Replace landfills with incineration.

As far as I know, Romania is not in a very good situation regarding recycling, with only 14% of the solid waste being somehow recovered (7% of material recycling and 7% of composting) and more than 80% of the waste going to landfill. Technically, the trends should be towards sustainable development and the growth of the recycling rate, but until now there seems not too much of a real progress. Hopefully things will change for the better in the near future.

Miruna Diana Armioni Thanks for the answer. I hope the situation will improve over time. The situation in Brazil is similar.

In Ukraine, the waste situation is extremely bad.

1. all waste is collected in one container and taken to landfills, 95% of landfills are very overcrowded and dangerous, because they ignite and because of the burnt out mass of waste in the body of the landfill, the upper layers fall through. People are dying (homeless people who are looking for food or raw materials to be recycled, firefighters who extinguish landfills, etc.)

2.An extremely small proportion of waste is used in a new production (this is possible if someone has a private business that is based on the creation of new products, for example, from plastic, paper or glass, and the amount of waste used depends on the scale of production, as a rule it is very few)

3.the ministry of ecology only publishes important words, but there is no action regarding waste management

4. in some cities, municipal services on their own (without the support of the ministry) are trying to solve this problem for residents. But there are very few such cities.

Thanks Viola Vambol

Landfill and incinerator

Thanks Prat Intarasaksit

In my country, Iran, specially in urban areas, MSWs are collected in bags and collected by the municipality through curbside collection. The collected wastes are then sent to stations where they are moved into bigger vehicles.

Then the wastes are transported to the waste processing facilities (MBT plants) where they sorted into organic and non-organic fractions. Hand pickers also separate recyclables from processing lines.

The organic part is usually composted and the non-organic part is landfilled as reject.

Some source separation practices are also performed. However they need to improve a lot.

In my country the councils engage private companies to collect waste from the households and around the surrounding areas. There are also private companies established to collect waste and these are recycled to make other products out of it

Biofuel companies purchase municipal solid waste and produce biofuel from it. City compost is also prepared from municipal solid waste and is being sold to farmers at reasonable prices by many fertilizer cooperatives in Gujarat, India. Government of India initiated 'Clean India Mission' aimed to scientific & sustainable solid waste management.

By burning

It's the responsibility of the authority of city corporations or municipalities. Commonly wastes are used to poured the low land. Sometimes use for producing natural gas.

Yupp the pollution rate is again increased, here we are trying to recycled the face mask to make some products that have common application.