for algae cultivation in open field i want design closed PBT for large scale production to produce bio ethanol
It depends of the concentration you wish achieve. First, choose between cylindrical or plate geometry and then choose the depth of culture. For large scale production, you can see about raceway ponds or bubble columns. For more details, could you give more precisions?
Algae can be grown in simple open systems or closed systems known as photo-bioreactors (PBRs) (1, 2). Currently the majority of micro-algal production occurs in outdoor ponds (3), although at present only three taxa (Spirulina, Dunaliella and Chlorella) are grown commercially, where the use of highly selective environments make it possible to suppress the growth of competitive species. Chlorella grows well in nutrient-rich media, Spirulina requires a high pH and bicarbonate concentration and Dunaliella salina grows at very high salinity (4).
Shallow natural or man-made ponds (normally under 0.5 m deep) are the lowest capital cost and least technically complex of all micro-algal mass culture methods (5). Dunaliella salina is cultivated, commercially in Australia, in very large, shallow unlined and highly saline ponds for the production of β-. This type of culture is suited to areas where land costs are low and climatic conditions favourable, with low rainfall and high solar insolation (6), but productivity is low at only 1.5 tonnes ha-1 year -1 (0.4 g m-2 day-1) (7).
The yields of Dunaliella can be increased by mixing the culture in the ponds; work in Spain using paddlewheel-mixed ponds found average daily productivity increased to 1.65 g m-2 day-1, four times that of unmixed systems (8). Agitation or mixing of the culture medium has been found to be one of the most important factors in achieving "consistently high yields of biomass"; ensuring frequent exposure of all algal cells to light, prevention of settlement of algal cells, elimination of thermal stratification, even distribution and improved gaseous transfer (1)
In photo-bioreactors the growth medium is not directly exposed to the atmosphere, but is contained within a transparent material (5) that allows autotrophic micro-algal growth while isolating the culture from potential contamination (9).Numerous photo-bioreactor configurations have been reported (10-12). Most may be classified into one of two types: either tubular devices or flat panels with additional categorisation according to orientation of tubes or panels, method of circulation of the culture, mechanism of light provision, type of gas exchange system and materials of construction (9).
Varicon Aqua Solutions are PBR design and supply specialists and have supplied PBRs of various sizes around the world http://www.variconaqua.com/
1. Becker EW. Microalgae. Biotechnology & Microbiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
2. Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv. 2007;25:294 -306.
3. Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambet A. Commercial Applications of Microalgae. Journal Of Biosciences & Bioengineering. 2006;101(2):87-96.
4. Huntley ME, Redalje DJ. CO2 Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2007:573-608.
5. Shen Y, Yuan W, Pei ZJ, Wu Q, Mao E. Microalgae mass production methods. Trans ASABE. 2009 Jul-Aug;52(4):1275-87. PubMed PMID: ISI:000269783100024. English.
6. Borowitzka MA. Culturing of Microalgae in Outdoor Ponds. In: Andersen RA, editor. Algal Culturing Techniques. London: Elsevier; 2005.
7. Campbell PK, Beer T, Batten D. Greenhouse Gas Sequestration by Algae- Energy & Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Studies. In: CSIRO, editor. 6th Australian Conference on Life Cycle Assessment; 02; Melbourne: CSIRO; 2009.
8. Garcia-Gonzalez M, Moreno J, Canavate JP, Angius V, Prieto A, Manzano C, et al. Conditions for open-air outdoor culture of Dunaliella salina in Southern Spain. J Appl Phycol. 2003;15(2/3):177-84.
9. Molina Grima E, Acien Fernandez FG, Garcia Camacho F, Chisti Y. Photobioreactors: Light regime, mass transfer, and scaleup. J Biotechnol. 1999 April 30;70(1-3):231-47. PubMed PMID: BCI:BCI199900342684. English.
10. Tredici MR. Energy balance of microalgae cultures in photobioreactors and ponds. The EU Workshop Life Cycle Analysis of Algal Based Biofuels; Brussels2012.
11. Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae--A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010;14(2):557-77.
12. Acién Fernández FG, Fernández Sevilla JM, Molina Grima E. Photobioreactors for the production of microalgae. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. 2013 2013/06/01;12(2):131-51. English.
You might be interested in the work of Clemens Posten, see by example here: https://www.tatup-journal.de/tatup121_post12a.php
Now a days some of the algae became commercially important. These can be grown in open field in ponds or pools that depends upon how much volume you want. Only give a look towards its basic need of pH, salinity of water, nutrition in favourable environmental condition.
Who you grow is driven by two major factors. First temperature, is a main driver of your production. Since you are in India we can assume you would be using mesophilic algae. Second, feed stock is a determining factor. If you analyze your feed stock (free not paid for) to determine simple chemical and nutrient load parameters. (in the event you are producing your own feed stock you can decide what parameters you want.) You need to produce an environment that is favourable to the species. Spirulina is more valuable as a food than biofuel. Chlorella is great with high oil content so a decent choice.
dear Mr. Ravi
it depends on the kind of microalgea, weather conditions and so many thing. commerical scales of production work with ponds due to economics
but there is a successful PBR plant u can find sth.
https://www.algomed.de/en/homepage/
Dear Ravi Teja Reddy,
We have been making photobioreactors for fish and shrimp hatcheries and the output was very good and forthcoming, if you want we will be ready to share our photobioreactors to you for your research support.
with regards,
Satish
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