There are many discussions on exosomal protein assays in both pro- and against sides. Have a good read at link. https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_can_I_quantify_exosomes_ug_ml_after_purification_without_performing_protein_extraction10
Is your question that you want to quantify a specific exosomal protein?
This should be possible but Western Blot to do it is a bit tricky.
As a prerequisite you need samples of the purified rotein of known concentration for calibration on the same blot together with your samples. For calibration at least 3 different amounts of protein should be applied.The quality of the used antibody is then important. Next, the method for detection has to be standardized (for example luminescence). The signals obtained by your samples should be within the range of your calibration curve. Be sure that you are not at the upper limit of detection.
Traditionally quantification of exosomes has been carried out by NTA, but it is not a very common device in life sciences laboratories.
It could be possible to set up a semi-quantitative protocol for WB, but in my humble opinion, with a highly sensitive kit, it would be a better alternative (more sensitivity, smaller amount of sample, specific detection by double labeling, etc.) set up detection and quantification exosome protocol by Flow Cytometry. http://www.immunostep.com/content/34-protocols