Hey Hamed,

in general lysis of a cell (not only from a macrophage) releases cytoplasmic components that normally do not occur extracellulary. These "out-of-place" components are called DAMPs (Danger-associated molecular patterns) and include a broad spectrum of molecule classes (e.g. ATP, actin, Histones, heat shock proteins and many more).

A lot of cells can detect these components that are not foreign (like bacteria, fungi, viruses) but still are not a good sign, because they mean that somewhere cells are damaged. It depends on the DAMP and the cell, which detects the DAMP, if an inflammation is triggered. The topic is quite complex but there are good reviews.

For example you can have a look at these two for starters:

Article Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases

Article TLR-dependent T Cell activation in autoimmunity

All the best,

Marc

Thanks Marc.

Hi Hamed

This paper may also be of interest: Article DAMPs and NETs in Sepsis

BW

Stephen