If the concentration of EDTA (0.5 M) in 10x TAE buffer is increased, will it affect gel electrophoresis and consequently, the DNA bands when I use my 1x working solution? E.g. 0.7 M, 0.8 M, etc.
It will not affect the gel electrophoresis process. But if you want to process the DNA with PCR or restriction enzyme, higher concentration of EDTA will meke divalent ions unavailable for the enzymes (Taq poymerase or Restriction endonuclease) to function.
1. If the concentration of EDTA in your 10x TAE buffer is 0.5M (as you mentioned), your working solution 1x TAE should have 50 mM EDTA. The suggested [EDTA] is 1 mM.
2. If you could re-do the TAE, you will have a peace of mind for doing all your downstream experiments. But, you can also find out the results by running a gel with your current TAE for your own record.