I am heating melamine at 550°C for 4 hrs but around 470°C I could observe white fumes from the muffle furnace which deposits as white powder on the outside of the furnace. I do not know why the product graphitic carbon nitride is also not formed.
Addition: I just found a (German) safety data sheet on which it says that the ignition temperature for a dust layer (Mindestzündtemperatur der Staubschicht) is 450°: https://www.gischem.de/download/01_0-000108-78-1-000000_1_1_400.PDF
So I would say you're lucky there was no severer incident.