You are touching the very sensitive interplay of physical (land value of natural resources and real estate locations) and human (ingenuity, creativity, macro-prudence) factors.

Conference Paper Sociology a la Comte?

Approaching the how and why of respective policy responses (the cyclical rise and fall of industries and whole economies) from the viewpoint of marginal economics, we can state that both, the physical and spiritual resources of a country, are decisive to avoid economic depression and war (often coupled with revolutions). Economics and the political economy are societal functions: free minds and free markets are needed to steer into new economic cycles and conjunctures; it is all history made by humans and the ethical application of technology as cultural tool.

Dear Chen.

Your question is very interesting. In relation to it, the approach in terms of paradigms is highlighted by an internationalist perspective, schematized in stages, are present ideological explanations linked to the different schools or currents of thought that seek to differentiate between themselves - structuralism, liberalism, Marxism, etc. -, being the common pattern to all of them the universal and reductionist cognitive pretensions. For example, in a structuralist approach it is possible to find the approach of a long historical period, expressed in terms of a succession of phases or stages clearly differentiable between them: the stage of basic industrialization and agricultural reform associated with the First Industrial Revolution - from the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century - followed by a Second Industrial Revolution linked to a phase of industrial transition and commercial expansion in the second half of the 19th century and in the first third of the 20th century, and later a stage of advanced industrialization, productive multinationalism and commercial and financial globalization.

Sorry I can't give you an answer. We are waiting for other contributions to give us more clarity. Greetings

Fernando

Estimado Chen.

Es muy interesante tu pregunta. En relación a la misma, el abordaje en términos de paradigmas se destaca por una perspectiva internacionalista, esquematizadas en etapas, están presentes explicaciones ideológicas vinculadas a las diferentes escuelas o corrientes de pensamiento que buscan diferenciarse entre si - estructuralismo, liberalismo, marxismo, etc.-, siendo el patrón común a todas ellas las pretensiones cognoscitivas universales y reduccionistas. Por ejemplo, en un enfoque estructuralista es posible encontrar el abordaje de un largo periodo históricas, expresado en términos de una sucesión de fases o etapas claramente diferenciables entre ellas: la etapa de industrialización básica y reforma agrícola asociada a la Primera Revolución Industrial -durante siglo XVIII hasta principios del XIX-, seguido de una Segunda Revolución Industrial vinculada a una etapa de transición industrial y expansión comercial en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y en el primer tercio del siglo XX, y posteriormente una etapa de industrialización avanzada, multinacionalismo productivo y mundialismo comercial y financiero.

Perdón por no poder brindarte una respuesta. Quedamos a la espera de otros aportes para que nos den más claridad. Saludos

Fernando

As about the answer concerning many Central and Eastern European countries, the policy paradigm to industrial development changed according the historical periods - for example, my native Lithuania's : 1) the end of XIX century - before the I world war - as of dependence on Czarist Russia's early capitalist development, 2) big achievements of interwar independent Lithuania, however, the country depended much on agricultural production, 3) The Soviet socialist period of rapid, but not effective industry development, 4) The last period of not so vast, but effective industrial development. Many of such periods fit many other CEECs. as well.

Stephen I. Ternyik Mr.Ternyik ,thank you for your opinions.I agree with you that the physical and spiritual resources of a country are decisive and they are inter-related.It occurs to me that the ideology may play a important role because it changes people's mind and the type of their behaviors. Just as a person's world view can influence his economic behavior, the government's ideology can also influence the government's participation in policy content and policy-making towords economy.Sure there are companies and banks etc,maybe there is no such things as "free market",cause in reality it is all combined with ideology.The market in China is quite differrent from some western countries,there is also some cultural issues,I haven't figured out yet.

Chen Heng Xuan You are right to mention the societal function (i.e. cohesion) of ideology and mentality, with reference to cultural market motion, e.g. different 'capitalisms'. The market is one of the oldest cultural institutions of humanity, and monetary evolution was driven by the economic function to be a 'market replicator'. In the Sumerian culture (as prototype of modern civilization), these institutions were safeguarded by powerful temple deities ('ideology'), who cared for the silver-barley-ratio of market currency. The first selling of a piece of land by legal contract is also recorded in Sumer, to mention a historical 'mentality' change. A long draught most probably finished the Sumerian city state culture.

Book World System Thermodynamics/Global Wave Energetics

My approach (e.g. the attached e-book) in social systems research and science is based on energy effiency (fuel, food, fun).

https://hgarchives.org/2674-2/

The capitalist development in Europe was established by a period of early globilization whereby Europe received fruits, plants (herbs and spices, etc) new to Europe. It gained access to the Far East through conquest by first Portugal and Northern countries such as England. This disrupted the trade in those areas of Islamic societies. Equally, commodities and gold had been arriving in Europe from the Americas. Trade roots increased and with this wealth.

But it was what Europe did with this new found wealth that was important. In the Netherlands the first financial centres were formed where merchants could insure trade, make financial investments, often in lieu, which further increased the areas wealth. Goods and money began to enter the hemisphere, with imaginary monied transactions being carried out. In this fashion wealth increased exponentially as it was no longer entirely rooted in material projects. Britain, created in the early 18th century as a political and economic entity, developed industry and an empire through national debt.

Political development played a part, with religion no longer the main motivation centrally based rulership based on a landed elite (connected to religion in many once powerful Asian countries) devolved into forms of individualism that created entrenpreneurs based on borrowing. The freer movement of finance encouraged financial expansion.

Expansion into the Americas, economic control of parts of the Far East, globilization, better financial exploitation of scientific innovations, many from Eastern areas, weakening of centralized religion, created an intellectual environment of transmission of new ideas. On top of that was the industrialization of slavery. The last, it must not be forgotten, was for centuries a contingent part of Islamic wealth and economies. The ceasing of European slavery by the early 19th century, only caused an increased of slavery over the Sahara. It did not stop as many believe. The economic success of 18th and 19th century Europe must be viewed in the light of other cultures, including Japan and China. It did not develop in isolation.

Fernando Ariel Manzano Thank you for your perspective, you mentioned the structuralist approach that can be used to describe various historical stages.

I'll refer to the literature later on.

Arvydas Guogis You mentioned your motherland----Lithuania,you'are right, and maybe some of the CENTRAL and Eastern European countries will provide good examples that could help to answer my question,because these countries have experienced political upheavals in a relatively short period of history.It is worth studying the economic consequences of each change, and more importantly, to explain how the policies of these countries are made in the process of change, and to study the causal relationship between them and the economic results.I will learn more about the economic history of Lithuania and the neighboring countries,this may help. Thank you!

Stanley Wilkin That make sense. I also give my example.Ancient China had an ideology centered on Confucianism.The Confucian emphasis on agriculture and contempt for commerce and handicraft,this may be the reason why China did not develop a capitalist market before the Qing Dynasty,In fact, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, China's technological level was on a par with that of Europe at that time, and China's application of technology was even to some extent ahead.But hundreds of years later, when the first industrial revolution took place in the West, China's manufacturing levels had barely changed.Many Chinese scholars attribute the reasons to certain characteristics of Chinese culture, such as the pursuit of tao over material, collective harmony over individual individuality, which are not conducive to the development of commercial civilization.

Every country wants to be developed. African countries usually try to buy development, only for them to be given horribly conditions associated with such buying. This makes such developmental goal highly impossible.