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There are two types hardness of water,i.e. m value and p values, The p value corresponds to the color change of phenolphthalein (pH 8.2), the m value corresponds to the color change of methyl orange (pH 4.3). P alkalinity is also known as phenolphthalein alkalinity and is determined by titrating to the phenolphthalein endpoint at pH 8.3. Total or M alkalinity is also known as methyl orange alkalinity and is determined by titrating to the methyl orange endpoint at pH 4.5. Methyl orange has the property to color alkaline and neutral water yellow. If the water becomes acidic, it turns red immediately. The point of change is at pH 4.3. If the solution is yellow, hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 0.1 mol/L is used for the titration.
First, the water sample is filtered if it is turbid. Then 3–5 drops of methyl orange solution are added to the water sample (100 mL). Methyl orange has the property to color alkaline and neutral water yellow. If the water becomes acidic, it turns red immediately. The point of change is at pH 4.3. If the solution is yellow, hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 0.1 mol/L is used for the titration. This must be done slowly while the sample is shaken or mixed until the yellow coloration changes to orange (not to red). If the water has a pH below 4.3, a similar procedure with caustic can be used to determine the base capacity to pH 4.3.
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Article Treatment of wastewater containing methyl orange dye by flui...
However, a number of factors can affect the concentration of Methyl Orange dye in textile wastewater, including the type of dye used, the dyeing process, and wastewater treatment efficiency. There are generally a few milligrams per liter (mg/L) to several hundred milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dyes in textile wastewater.
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