looking at RG we find hundreds of questions aroud space. But I could not find one where we looked at space from al the different possible views:
Artist, Physician (microscopical, macrocopical, optical, acoustical, thermodynamical,chemical...), Engineer, Scientist, Pedagogist, Musician, Painter, Phsycologist, Jurist,....
Is there an answer which is true for all?
Peter
The earliest record of a geometrical understanding of space itself is probably to be found in some Renaissance treatises on perspective, and then in Pascal’s pioneering studies on the geometry of projections. The first comprehensive and conscious attempt in a new science of space, however, appears in the hundreds of Leibniz’s essays on the analysis situs, in which the philosopher tries to define space and its properties axiomatically, and to link Euclidean axioms to the very definition of space.
A century and a half later, this geometrical understanding of space had become commonplace: non-Euclidean geometries and projective techniques form part of mainstream mathematical research, and a modern conception of space and spatial intuition has helped reshape pure and applied science, philosophy, and even the Visual Arts...
https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/research/projects/MRGdeRisi
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"space
noun
1. a continuous area or expanse that is free, available, or unoccupied.
"a table took up much of the space"
synonyms: room, capacity, area, volume, expanse, extent, scope, latitude, margin, leeway, play, clearance More
2. the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move.
"the work gives the sense of a journey in space and time"
verb
1. position (two or more items) at a distance from one another.
"the houses are spaced out"
synonyms: position, arrange, range, array, dispose, lay out, locate, situate, set, stand
"the chairs were spaced widely"
2. informal
be or become distracted, euphoric, or disoriented, especially from taking drugs; cease to be aware of one's surroundings.
"I was so tired that I began to feel totally spaced out""
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the Timaeusof Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in theRenaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeleyattempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kantsaid that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective "pure a priori form of intuition".
In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are not Euclidean, in which space can be said to be curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space."....
Please, see the rest of the article for more detail....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space
What is space for you?
Not sure can generalize "space" to a surrounding environment that can accommodate the existence of any object or activity.
The earliest record of a geometrical understanding of space itself is probably to be found in some Renaissance treatises on perspective, and then in Pascal’s pioneering studies on the geometry of projections. The first comprehensive and conscious attempt in a new science of space, however, appears in the hundreds of Leibniz’s essays on the analysis situs, in which the philosopher tries to define space and its properties axiomatically, and to link Euclidean axioms to the very definition of space.
A century and a half later, this geometrical understanding of space had become commonplace: non-Euclidean geometries and projective techniques form part of mainstream mathematical research, and a modern conception of space and spatial intuition has helped reshape pure and applied science, philosophy, and even the Visual Arts...
https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/research/projects/MRGdeRisi
Space is that boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction (Britannica 2011).
In analytical geometry, one examines “spaces” with different dimensionality andunderlying structures. Indeed, the concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe although disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or parto Of a conceptual framework.
Source:
J. L. Awange and J. B. Kyalo Kiema, Environmental Geoinformatics, 17 Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34085-7_2,
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"What is in space besides planets and stars?
Most of the universe is empty space, called a vacuum, but it is an imperfect vacuum. There are clouds of interstellar dust and the tiny particles that make up the solar wind. There are many isolated particles and hydrogen atoms, which sometimes form clouds over a billion kilometers wide called "nebulae." Besides nebulae and interstellar dust, there are also bits of rubble as big as small moons to as small as grains of sand. These bits of rubble are called planetoids and asteroids. Radio, heat, and x-rays all echo through space, as do beams of light. There is radiation bursting forth in solar flares.
In addition, we humans are putting quite a lot into space around our planets, both satellites and probes and "space junk" caused by spacecraft falling apart in space. Perhaps there are similar rings of manufactured items around other planets far, far away...
Please, see the link for more information ......
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/1-what-is-in-space-besides.html
The Persian Sohrawardi talked about what he called Na Koja Abad, which was said to be a place outside of space. Or to put it another way, Na Koja Abad was not nothing, but it was not within this realm, thus outside of the space we perceive.
Trojan J. Representations of body and space: theoretical concepts and controversies. Cogn Process. 2015 Sep;16 Suppl 1:417-20.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280585079_Representations_of_body_and_space_theoretical_concepts_and_controversies
Article Representations of body and space: theoretical concepts and ...
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"DEFINITION
space
Space is a term that can refer to various phenomena in science, mathematics, and communications.
In astronomy and cosmology, space is the vast 3-dimensional region that begins where the earth's atmosphere ends. Space is usually thought to begin at the lowest altitude at which satellites can maintain orbits for a reasonable time without falling into the atmosphere. This is approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) above the surface. Astronomers may speak of interplanetary space (the space between planets in our solar system), interstellar space (the space between stars in our galaxy), or intergalactic space (the space between galaxies in the universe). Some scientists believe that space extends infinitely far in all directions, while others believe that space is finite but unbounded, just as the 2-space surface of the earth has finite area yet no beginning nor end.
In mathematics, space is an unbounded continuum (unbroken set of points) in which exactly three numerical coordinates are necessary to uniquely define the location of any particular point. It is sometimes called 3-D space because it contains three distance dimensions. If a continuum requires fewer or more than three coordinates (dimensions) to uniquely define the location of a point, that continuum is sometimes called n-space or n-dimensional space, where n is the number of dimensions. Thus, for example, a line constitutes 1-space and a plane constitutes 2-space. When time is considered as a dimension along with the usual three in conventional space, the result is sometimes called 4-space, 4-dimensional space, time-space, or space-time.
In digital communications, the term space refers to an interval during which no signal is transmitted, or during which the signal represents logic 0. The term space may also be used in reference to the time interval separating two characters, bytes, octets, or words in a digital signal."....
Please, see the link for more detail....
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/space
First, some simple answers: space is everything in the universe beyond the top of the Earth’s atmosphere – the Moon, where the GPS satellites orbit, Mars, other stars, the Milky Way, black holes, and distant quasars. Space also means what’s between planets, moons, stars, etc – it’s the near-vacuum otherwise known as the interplanetary medium, the interstellar medium, the inter-galactic medium, the intra-cluster medium, etc; in other words, it’s very low density gas or plasma (‘space physics’ is, in fact, just a branch of plasma physics!
And one simple, but profound, answer to the question “What is space?” is “that which you measure with a ruler”. And why is this a profound answer? Because thinking about it lead Einstein to develop first the theory of special relativity, and then the theory of general relativity. And those theories overthrew an idea that was built into physics since before the time of Newton (and built into philosophy too); namely, the idea of absolute space (and time). It turns out that space isn’t something absolute, something you could, in principle, measure with lots of rulers (and lots of time), and which everyone else who did the same thing would agree with you on.
Space, in the best theory of physics on this topic we have today – Einstein’s theory of general relativity (GR) – is a component of space-time, which can be described very well using the math in GR, but which is difficult to envision with our naïve intuitions. In other words, “What is space?” is a question I can’t really answer, in the short space I have in this Guide to Space article.
More reading: What is space? (ESA), What is space? (National Research Council of Canada), Ned Wright’s Cosmology Tutorial, and Sean Carroll’sCosmology Primer pretty much cover this vast topic, from kids’ to physics undergrad’ level.
http://www.universetoday.com/57734/what-is-space/
In terms of art, space is the area around, above, and within an object. With consideration to drawings and paintings, our goal is to create the illusion of space...
http://thevirtualinstructor.com/space.html
Dear Peter,
When the time ask in relation to a person, it is "personal dependent", then the person can only describe this space, in connection with the time, in which one sees this space. Space is only describable in a reference system. Time is measured in terms of a starting point and within a frame of reference. Space and time are relative and can only be determined in terms frame of reference. Time is also an irreversible size. The space is n-dimensional. Processes occur in n-dimensional space and in time, are therefore relative and can only be measured in relation to a reference system. To read the time, the starting point must be specified, before Christ or after Christ.
This was physics.
There is otherwise pleasant and unpleasant spaces.
Have a good space and a good time.
Michael Lersow
Ehinger KA, Oliva A (2011). Canonical views of scenes depend on the shape of the space. Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. http://cvcl.mit.edu/papers/EhingerOliva-CanonicalScene-CogSci2011.pdf
Dear @Michael, I do agree about time AND space. Space-time interactions in human vision are asymmetrical!
"The interaction of space and time affects perception of extents: (1) the longer the exposure duration, the longer the line length is perceived and vice versa; (2) the shorter the line length is, the shorter the exposure duration is perceived. Previous studies have shown that space-time interactions in human vision are asymmetrical; spatial cognition has a larger effect on temporal cognition rather than vice versa (Merritt et al., 2010). What makes the interactions asymmetrical?..."
Source: What makes space-time interactions in human vision asymmetrical? - Chizuru Take Homma, Hiroshi Ashida.
I have pasted a link but I do not see it. Article is at RG! RG is bugging!
Article What makes space-time interactions in human vision asymmetrical?
Dear Sir,
Thank you for sharing the fantastic question.
Space is the universal term, Physical space(3D),my space in your heart, space astronaut, space medicines, , Pedagogy and Space, Space music, also called space music, Space for art, is an umbrella term, space artist, etc…
Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as space-time. Space must be existed relative to something. Following the things changing the space changes, the earth has the earth space. A room has the room space.
If Earth has space then following definition
In space, no one can hear you scream. This is because there is no air in space – it is a vacuum. Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum. 'Outer space' begins about 100 km above the Earth, where the shell of air around our planet disappears.
A room has the room space. a continuous area or expanse that is free, available, or unoccupied. “a table took up much of the space""Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.
Let God open a Myspace account in your heartI love you means the space in your heart..
Regards,
Prem Baboo
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
"Deep Space Navigation
Deep space navigation enables missions to precisely target distant solar system bodies and particular sites of interest on them. Navigation takes place in real time for spacecraft operation and control. It can also be used for creating higher-fidelity reconstructions of a craft’s trajectory for future course corrections, and for scientific and operational purposes.
Spacecraft navigation includes two primary activities:
- Orbit determination, or estimation and prediction of spacecraft position and velocity
- Flight path control, or firing a rocket engine or thruster to alter a spacecraft’s velocity
Since the Earth’s own orbital parameters and inherent motions are well known, measurements of a spacecraft’s motion as seen from Earth can be converted into sun-centered orbital parameters, which are needed to describe the spacecraft’s trajectory. The meaningful measurements we can make from Earth of the spacecraft’s motion include distance from Earth, the component of its velocity that is directly toward or away from Earth, and its position in Earth’s sky.
Existing navigation techniques — Doppler, range, Delta-DOR, onboard optical — have been used in varying degrees since the early 1960s to navigate spacecraft with ever-increasing precision and accuracy. JPL’s expertise in deep space mission design and navigation has enabled many successful planetary missions to targets across the solar system using flybys, orbiters, landers, rovers and sample return spacecraft.
Future missions will build on these successful developments to meet tightening performance requirements and growing demands for spacecraft that can respond autonomously to new environments including atmospheric winds, comet outgassing jets and high radiation.
Some examples of future capabilities being explored:
- Missions consisting of multiple spacecraft could require coordinated navigation.
- Missions in the New Frontiers and Discovery classes could require development of low-thrust and low-energy mission design and navigation capabilities, as well as multiple-flyby trajectories.
- Future small-body sample-return and interior-characterization missions could require further reductions of uncertainties in navigation delivery to small bodies by an order of magnitude.
- Missions that could need very high accuracy relative to their targets will require the continued development and extension of the multimission, autonomous, onboard navigation system (AutoNav) to be a complete autonomous guidance, navigation, and control system, or AutoGNC."...
Please, see the link for more information ....
http://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/research/research-topics-list/communications-computing-software/deep-space-navigation
The in-direction physical & imaginary place/habitat with coverable hurdles in once`s movement before displacement is often consider as space.
Regards,
Dear Ljubomir,
I thought to have the asymmetry shown in my answer. Because the reference systems for space and time are not the same. The interaction can produce only the observer! If the interaction is produced only by the observer (measurement), gets the interaction also a function (dependent) of the observer.
Beautiful evening
Michael Lersow
Dear Peter, dear Barbara!
This is interesting. I cannot resist answering your question with a small comment in my field of work. (I am a medical practitioner and an anatomist).
Barbara contributed with an interesting comment with the several fields for the definition of "space": I quote:
«The space is a collection of elements, called points, with some additional structure; defines the scope of, or frame considered in the phenomena:
space - in mathematics,
space - in physics,
space - in philosophy,
space - in geography,
space - in anthropology,
Space in nature
political space - in political science,
Space - in astronomy»
In correct terms, no one answered about "spaces" in the Human body.
I should say that, in anatomical terms, and in medical there is no such thing as "empty spaces" in the human body... (Histology -the study of human tissues- teaches us that the spaces between cells are filled with fluid or biochemical substances)
Dear all,
if it is true, that the interaction between space and time is produced by a observer, then various descriptions of one and the same room are generated, in dependence on the respective observer.
Beautiful evening
Michael Lersow
Dear Peter
Thank for invitation
The space gives happiness, is happiness.
Especially in confined areas.
Giorgio
Space in all things i think is the blenty of distance in all filed
Unfortunately Dr Eyerer,
I like the concept of "abstract spaces" especially the Eigen space . You can transform fields/signals/statistics and interpret the way you want . Conditions apply **
**in fine print
Practical space , I do love it too need no definition nor affirmation ...
As many have said, I too think the term "space" can have different meanings. Perhaps one vague unifying term might be the "frame of reference," in whatever context it is being used.
Resp. Prof. Eyerer,
The one common answer to understand or view Space is Earth for all the disciplines!
Where ever space is found, it may serve a passageway for neutrinos, gamma rays and dark matter among others???????
"Empty space is a boiling, bubbling brew of virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in a time scale so short that you can't even measure them." — Lawrence M. Krauss (Taken from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_space.html)
The above is the space as understood by physicists, but I suppose that this is one of the most basic ideas about space valid for everyone.
Simply told, space is some thing which can accommodate entities. It may be bounded in some cases and unbounded in others.
Psychologists first began to study the way space is perceived in the middle of the 19th century. Those now concerned with such studies regard it as a distinct branch of psychology. Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived, see, for example, visual space.
Other, more specialized topics studied include amodal perception and object permanence. The perception of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to hunting and self preservation as well as simply one's idea of personal space.
Several space-related phobias have been identified, including agoraphobia (the fear of open spaces), astrophobia (the fear of celestial space) and claustrophobia (the fear of enclosed spaces).
The understanding of three-dimensional space in humans is thought to be learned during infancy using unconscious inference, and is closely related to hand-eye coordination. The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions is called depth perception.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space
The things which can be discussed by me frequently have some space for me. Further, the things which I cannot discuss off course do not have nay space for me.
Everyone is talking about remarkable things and no one has mentioned pretty ordinary usage of the term "space". In pursuit of trivial things I would like bring all down to earth by calling your attention to phrases like " give me some space", "you are invading my space", "The space between us", ,"breathing space", and so on and so forth. In this usage space is a distance between two objects or persons, so that the daylight can get through. I don't know how much of space one needs. If you get into dispute about space with somebody and ask the court for injunction, probably court would ask the invader not to get closer than 500 yards. This space is important in the US where some own guns, and you need less than 500 yards to shoot straight.
Dear Peter Eyerer,
For those who develop.
Who wants to transform.
Who sees as a change of thought leads to changes in life.
Those who "hear" your body and take care of it.
Who trusts his intuition and follow your path.
Who is willing to go to their fears, going through their lessons.
Well, in a manner which does not suspect.
Regards, Shafagat
Dear Tatsuo,
your statement is true as long as it is not a vacuum or only the configuration as such. To a variety of descriptions can arise only by interaction with the time and a third party, to the observer.
good comment
Michael Lersow
Dear Peter,
“All objects that are visible in nature have a boundary. Thus, every entity retains its uniqueness and individuality. But human consciousness has no boundary” Srinivas Arka
When we descend into our inner universe in meditation, we can experience the unlimited experience of space inside.
With a smile - Tina
Space is defined as the vacuum that allows to move all the objects in the universe, like planets, stars, galaxies and other objects, which distinguished between the heavenly bodies and the most important of the planet, can not be considered empty completely; it consists of a sharp vacuum consisting of low density some of the particles and the Helium particles and electromagnetic radiation.
The concept of space has filled a great deal of thinking of some philosophers and thinkers throughout history. Therefore researcher believes that it is necessary before the incursion to determine the term of the space to be discrimination between him and the place, and by the fact that space, place are basic and important concepts played an important role in the formation of the individual entity and therefore the group because man is the only master of the type and nature of the space occupied and which requires a determined physical elements installed in the space.
The space linguistically : "means the broad place " , and also means " widening and finish leads everything becomes any space, as well as in the end."
- Philosophically space: the result of the importance carried by concepts ( space - distance and area) researcher believes that this calls for a review of the proposals for these concepts by drawing on the similarities and differences in the way of understanding and through time stages successive start will be dealt with the concepts of space and place and then move on to the concept of space from these two concepts .
Regards
Thanks for sharing.
From another point of view, space may be considered as the 'habitat' of existence. Not only in material terms.
Dear all,
yesterdy I had the pleasure to visit ROM 312 in Gasometer in Pforzheim near Karlsruhe, Germany. It is a 360 ° Panorama of the Iranian German architect and painter Yadegar Asisi. The panorama shows day and night in Rome 312 after Chr. over 20 meter hight and about 40 m in diameter. Very impressing and unique. For Asisi the space was the very most item which he worked and thought on. It touched me . Thank you for your comments!!
Peter
Dear Ljubomir, i am not so sure about the earliest conception of space.
The paintings in the cave of Lascaux are very Special. Until recently peolple thought they are justing hunting games and "Magic".
Now they found that the equinox sunrise beams in winter go through the entrance and touch some of them. And the animals can be paralleled with some star constellations and these correspond to the given sky at night of that time 20.000 yeras ago.
[1] http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/archaeologie-sternstunde-der-steinzeit_aid_184880.html
Is there an answer which is true for all? The answer that is true of all is the space at the basis of the understanding all the spaces and this the bodily space. All spaces derives from the bodily space.
J.Brodsky,"How wonderful to find a friend in everyone". It's a kind of macrospace.
https://www.google.ru/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjir6z-norOAhUBXSwKHYS6D1wQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quotationof.com%2Fjoseph-brodsky.html&psig=AFQjCNGymRXLYVXUv5nQHYuMiG1apCoQhA&ust=1469385799059051
Dear Dr. Peter,
Take a photo, and you can freeze the space-time, forever.
Best regards. Walter
Dear Peter Eyerer
Thank you for your invitation to participate with the question: What is Space? Stimulant for creativity, it can be approached from many points of view. I try not to be redundant or repetitive in my contribution on the Multidisciplinary Conception of Space.
- Dictionary definition and concept, Space is a term that comes from the Latin spatium and has many meanings according to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE). One has to do with the extension containing the existing matter. In the same sense, space is the part or place of a tangible object and the ability to land or place to locate an object. You can also refer to outer space (the region of the universe that is beyond the Earth's atmosphere). In these conceptions of space, notions of distance, surface and volume are implicit.
- Temporal Space. Connotation linked to the passage of time between two events of natural or artificial phenomena, such as the length of day and night, duration of an eclipse of the moon or sun, time step in the emergence of an astronomical phenomenon. In electronic and communication media time or period devoted to a radio or television, it implies consciousness of the phenomenon or event and convention units and measuring instruments. Time according to the Theory of Relativity, occupies a place (space) within the astronomical dimensions (4th dimension, added to the already known classic 3-dimensional world on earth).
- Sidereal Space or the Universe (Outer Space). astronomical space between planets, satellites and stars. Also between solar and planetary systems like ours, and between galaxies. Have start and end the universe, space would be the spread between the two points. According to the theory of holo-universe or multiverse, the real or virtual space between them. If we consider that the universe is infinite, the space would have the same characteristic, that is, be also infinite space. Here the appropriate units of measure are astronomical (ua), parsecs and light years: 1 parsec = 206265 ua = 3.2616 light years = 3.0857 × 1016 m).
- Typographic Space. Text written or printed in ink, pencil, paint or recorded in a medium (space) such as paper, leather, stone, metal, which are areas of 2 or 3 dimensions. Also the distance or length between each of the signs (and the size of each sign), terms, phrases and sentences; also the space between lines and is located around the text.
- Semantics and Semiotics Space. Conceptual distance or space between the meaning of individual words or group (semantic field). Also the conceptual, ideal or virtual difference between symbols, such as letters of the Arabic or Cyrillic alphabet (derived from it are Greek and Russian), or between Arabic numerals and Roman numerals, or Maya.
- Biological Interior Space. In humans and other living beings, distance or magnitude (volume) within or between two or more points in an apparatus or system, organs, tissues, cells and cellular organelles (space or dimension between or within: lungs or between lobes lung, between heart and left lung, between atrium and left ventricle, between synovial tissue and cartilage of joints, muscles between cells, between core and smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum intracellular etc.). The units of measure in the metric system are between two points: m, dm, cm, mm, micron, etc; or surfaces: m2, dm2, cm2, mm2, micra2; or volume: m3, dm3, cm3, mm3, micra3 etc.
- Interior Space of Matter. Biological Physical (Biophysical) and Quantum. Space in the microstructure of matter from the point of view Biophysical and Quantum. Space between constituents of biological or inert material, such as molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, liquids, metal, wood), molecular components (amino acids, simple carbohydrates, oligoelemenos) and atoms (atomic nucleus, electrons, neutrons, protons) or other elementary particles according to quantum physics (those mentioned as classic constituents of the atom, in addition to other particles such as positrons, bosons, gluons and gravitons, that move and vibrate at the speed of light and can hardly be detect as particles but as waves or clouds of energy). Here the units of measurement are stipulated and adopted by the Nanotechnology [nanometer (nm), amstrong (A)] and own to measure the intensity and amplitude of the waves of energy.
- Virtual Interior Sensations, Perceptions, Feelings, Thoughts, Consciousness and Creativity Space. Emotional, spiritual and transcendental and inner experience of man (probably existing in non-human vertebrate mammals), which communicates mentally and internally and reminisces in virtual spaces and ideals of reflection and retro-flexion; and they can express and communicate with other peers, through direct human communication with the spoken, written or signed: or mediated through telecommunications or "more average". No units of measurement and instrumentation capable directly this type of space; Just in case you can perceive of their own experience and every human being can he translate in some way to make it known to others (biographies, essays, books in general). Therefore the measurement of this space is indirect and probably through the other areas already described, particularly the qualitative measurement of Opinions, semantic and semiotic space and Content Analysis audios, videos and texts.
No more for now, I bid you farewell and participants of this network of discussion and argument, hoping to continue contributing according elapses this experience so interesting.
Sincerely
Dr. Jose Luis Garcia Vigil
Regarding space requirements for office work, we may ask the following question:
How much space do we need?
There is no one clear-cut answer to what seems like a simple question, for the answer has to deal with many aspects implied by the question. Major aspects include:
Nature of work. If most of the work day is spent on field assignments, meetings, site visits and consultations, a smaller office space may be quite satisfactory. However, for office workers who perform their job at their workstation most of the time, a small space may create discomfort due to feelings of confinement. Some job functions that, for example, include frequent meetings in their office space or require the use of multiple sources of material for consultation, research, writing, etc. may be assigned more work space.
Cultural aspects influence our perception of sufficient space. For North Americans including Canadians, as well as northern Europeans "adequate" personal space is an important factor. For people from other cultures often associated with dense population, much less space could be considered "adequate", or in other words, enough. This can be a significant issue in a multi-cultural society such as Canada.
A corporate climate. Our perception of a designated personal space is a matter of comparison. Employees generally accept the fact that those at higher levels in management positions may have larger offices. However, regardless of how large an individual's space actually is - if it is not as big as what our peers have - then, it is too small.
Individual perception. The amount of space available can have profound psychological meaning. It is natural for people to strive to occupy more space, for "more" space may signify importance, respect and more authority or power. In the workplace the amount of our personal space is often linked with our status within the organization.
Anthropometry (body dimensions). Actual office space requirements depend on the size and shape of employees simply because an office has to accommodate them, enable them to move safely and unhindered in the work space, and allow them to complete their jobs.
For more information, we may consult the following link:
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/working_space.html
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Please, watch this Youtube about "What is Space?"......
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFyKxoeemc4
Dear Hazim and José
thank you for interesting Video and very strucured answer.
Have a pleasant sunday.
Peter
Dear Colleagues,
From the perspective of an Earthling, outer space is a zone that occurs about 100 kilometers (60 miles) above the planet, where there is no appreciable air to breathe or to scatter light. In that area, blue gives way to black because oxygen molecules are not in enough abundance to make the sky blue.
Further, space is a vacuum, meaning that sound cannot carry because molecules are not close enough together to transmit sound between them. That's not to say that space is empty, however. Gas, dust and other bits of matter float around "emptier" areas of the universe, while more crowded regions can host planets, stars and galaxies.
No one knows exactly how big space is. The difficulty arises because of what we can see in our detectors. We measure long distances in space in "light-years," representing the distance it takes for light to travel in a year (roughly 5.8 trillion miles, or 9.3 trillion kilometers).
Please, see the link for more detail.
http://www.space.com/24870-what-is-space.html
Sincerely,
Levan Sabauri
Dear Peter,
Thanks for sharing.
Space from Latin word spatium, I think that the word space cannot exemplify the real meaning of what is in fact “space”.
Mathematical spaces, Euclidean space, Biological spaces, Negative spaces in art and other disciplines, Virtual space (activity), all meanings are in search of an adjective.
To my opinion, Space is created when memory is created. The “Space” is the combination of realm (i.e. 3D domain in our Euclidian vision) + Activity. The two entities can exist separately and coordinately or be identical, the one can identify the other, and both create what I introduced and call CHOROS (described by Homer - Iliad). If, a memory or a reproducibility is not created - inherit the characteristics of created or parent domain - then we should be in a “Non Space” situation.
The domain’s “proximity”, another vision of space, which is critical in biology and other disciplines, could be a property of the “memory” of a domain. In art “Negative space” is the space around and between the subject(s) of an image, in biology proximity is used to describe the regulatory partner(s) of a domain or the regulator(s) of a biological activity. Though, space exemplifies a 3D domain in our Euclidian vision and the activity that encompasses or is related to this domain which exist together or independently and inherit the characteristics of created or parent domain.
This is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
--- Neil Armstrong
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Geological age plays the same part in our views of the duration of the universe as the Earth's orbital radius does in our views of the immensity of space.
----- John Joly
I think one of the largest problems in today's science is that the definition of space is clouded by wrong notions. The definition has been bastardized and taken over by only the people that think that QM is 100% correct. That being said there is only one way to look at it and this should be that space is a 3 physical dimensions area of existence that has nothing, not even quantum fluctuations, in it.
This should not be seen as fantasy by science but it is laughed to scorn unless you add in something. The problem with this is that we are adding in something that is not in and of itself defined. This makes the definition that QM wants to make of it without any meaning.
If there is no starting point then "ALL" definitions are incorrect that fallow.
There is beauty in space, and it is orderly. There is no weather, and there is regularity. It is predictable. Just look at our little Explorer; you can set your clock by it—literally; it is more accurate than your clock. Everything in space obeys the laws of physics. If you know these laws, and obey them, space will treat you kindly.
— Wernher von Braun, quoted in 'Space: Reach for the Stars', Time magazine, 17 February 1958.
In structural engineering, we use the term space to define space structures
In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support.
Architectural Advantages of Space Structures
- The unique simplicity and beauty of space frame structures in the architecture of the regular form of space structures is architecturally attractive, beautiful, and precious and this is why many architects exhibit space frames in halls, community centers, etc. and in many cases they even use space structures in building facades.
- Great flexibility in terms of architecture, using repeated seemingly identical geometric shapes. We could create different geometric shapes in accordance with various architectural designs, design, and produce the architect’s desired configuration. Common architectural shapes include flat shape, arc, barrel vaults, dome, umbrella, pyramid, sine, etc.
- No need to use false ceiling in space frame structures. The beautiful view of double-layer networks in space structures, appearing as repeated geometric shapes, provides a pleasing outlook which is architecturally precious and this is why a large number of architects do not employ false ceilings but space frames in community centers, mosques, airports, etc.
- The possibility of attaching several pendants from the ceiling of a space frame. Considering high load bearing capacity as well as numerous nodes at regular intervals, it provides the possibility of design maneuver to connect several pendants at any desired point, thereby creating unique (interior) architectural works.
- The possibility of extending space structures with a minimal change in the former structure due to “optionality of restraints order” in this type of structure – Increasing / decreasing the surface area of an implemented space structure from any side and in any way while keeping the former structure and following design tips is possible with a minimal cost. This unique capacity of space structures provides architects and employers with a great possibility in design and arrangement of development plans. This feature is found in no any other structure.
- An appropriate structure for lighting. Predefined points on space structures (structure nodes) along with the possibility of attaching spotlights or other light sources on any point of the generated surface area makes the setting beautiful and suitable for lighting and decoration.
- Space saving. The space between the layers of space structures provides a good place for pass of electrical, mechanical, thermal, and cryogenic and other structural facilities; in addition, numerous nodes of a space structure supply the required restraint for passing of these facility communication networks at no extra cost and minimize their visibility.
- A high safety factor. Designing a safe, beautiful, and stable structure is an important parameter for every architect. Since space structures have unique features, not many structures are comparable to them.
http://en.fazasazeh.com/2016/02/03/frame/
Dear Peter,
Last weekend I read a good "Space"-saying in German at a house in Bad Tolz (Bavaria).
Have a good day with a lot of space,
Martin
The space grid system is an architectural solution with some qualities well differentiated over another type of structures:
Versatility and adaptability distinguish our space truss systems, whose esthetic appeal makes them ideal for small-scale awnings, and whose ability to easily accommodate point loads at almost any location makes possible the execution of long-span structures. With a track record of success in such varied applications as sports halls, shopping centers, airport concourses, airplane hangars, running walls, industrial pavilions, etc.
please see the beautiful pictures of these space structures at the link
http://www.lanik.com/en/solutions/space-frames
A big beautiful bright house with private access to a clean solitary beach and a view of the big blues spaces.
I think there is a very straightforward space-spirit relationship. The smartest people are either freelancers or those working in physical spaces wide enough to allow them to reach to meaningful thoughts and insights.
It is the region between two frequencies where the mind calculates, evaluates and propogates from nothingness.
Space is the distance between one rain droplet and the surrounding neighbour droplets
Peter
On the one hand, Kant defines space-time as the largest abstraction we can perform of Real World. In other words, forgetting the properties defining objects, like mass, colour, etc. we obtain only space-time. Thus, space-time is the scenario in which we can represent the objects of Real World.
On the other hand, as a mathematician, from my viewpoint, space-time is the isomorphic image of a set structured as a topological vector space. The existence of such an isomorphism is supported by its successful applications.
Space is what lies between the limits we mark as such. Between dates there is a space of "time". Between physical barriers there is a space which can be empty or occupied by other physical features. Between opposite concepts there is a space where to discuss towards reaching understanding. I would share another related question, is it posible for more tan one feature to exist in the same portion of space?
Dear Colleagues,
Good Day,
Our real nature is not our imaginary, limited ego. Our true nature is vast, all-comprehensive, and intangible as empty space.
---- Anagarika Govinda
space is what is said or what you can think between 2 lines of a written page.
Peter
refering to Maria,
I answer in my sphere as a material specialist: In thick polymer parts we have so called vacuols due to shrinkage of molecules. This space in the middle of a thick wall is empty, it is vacuum. Sometimes there are same monomers in it. Opposit to humen parts in our Body, as Maria described it, we have vacuum wholes in organic materials.
Peter
“We conceive Space to be that wherein all Bodies are placed …; that it is altogether penetrable, receiving all Bodies into itself, and refusing Ingress to nothing whatsoever; that it is immovably fixed, capable of no Action, Form, or Quality; whose Parts it is impossible to separate from each other, by any Force however great; but the Space itself remaining immovable, receives the Successions of things in motion, determines the Velocities of their Motions, and measures the Distances of the things themselves.” - H. Reichenbach In Modern Philosophy of Science
Space is the void between the ears where theory becomes reality, magic is real, and facts are left out as not important.
Fiorio G. The Ontology of Vision. The Invisible, Consciousness of Living Matter. Front Psychol. 2016 Feb 23;7:89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780392/pdf/fpsyg-07-00089.pdf
Conceptions of Space: Recent Acquisitions in Contemporary Architecture
Focusing on recent acquisitions in MoMA’s Department of Architecture and Design, Conceptions of Space addresses how contemporary architects continue to embrace spatial creation as a fundamental focus of their work. The exhibition reveals how, beyond formal traits and functional needs, the conception and articulation of architectural space still defines architecture as an artistic endeavor, and a response to wider cultural issues.
In the early and mid-20th century, the concept of space was critical in defining the modern movement in architecture. Notions of architectural space related to the coherence between the interior and exterior of buildings emerged as a new feature. Counteracting previous understandings of architecture as a progression of styles, space became a privileged quest of architectural practice. In time, however, space was actively reclaimed by artists, geographers, sociologists, and others as their domain of intervention and reflection. As proposed by French philosopher Michel Foucault, ours is the epoch of space, an expanded field imbued with complex meanings.
http://press.moma.org/2014/04/conceptions-of-space-recent-acquisitions-in-contemporary-architecture/
Dear Yogish Chandra,
your advice is great.
H. Reichenbach worked on problems in the philosophy of time and on the nature of scientific laws. As part of this he proposed a three part model of time in language, involving speech time, event time and - critically - reference time, which has been used by linguists since for describing tenses.
From H. Reichenbach's thought experiment of his "Cube World", worldwide become known as "Reichenbach’s Cube", you have cited.
All the best for you
Michael Lersow
All,
I wanted to clarify that I was only talking about the theories in Physics and I enjoy the other theories in other fields. As sometime we get caught up in our own little world and forget that other worlds of thought are just as valid in the realms they are important.
My thoughts on Physics are that we are missing the absolute definition and thereby missing other solutions.
"Philosophical meaning of Poincare-Perelman's theory and the problem of the global spatial structure of the Universe: rethinking the concept of "matter and memory"by Dakhin A.V., Nizhniy Novgorod. "It's necessary to combine the two concepts - the concept of "matter and vacuum" with the concept of "matter and energy"("matter and singularity"). Fundamental duality includes the relation: "visible matter" - "invisible historical memory".Philosophical concept of memory as the memory of the Universe": 1.Bergson: soul, memory, human being, matter; 2.New problem of memory: memory of the Universe, memory of a human being; a human being; the Universe; 3. Architecture of a string: the trajectory of the light beam; visible interaction space; pulse memory; invisible energy of memory; 4.Memory "loops" and curve of the light trajectory. Phases of the global evolution of the Universe; 5. Conception of memory and the global history of the Universe."
http://www.congress2008.dialog21.ru/Doklady/04810.htm
Dear Peter,
My first association went to science fiction books by Stanislaw Lem or S. Spielberg science fiction movie from 1977 tit. "Close Encounters of Thid Kind".
Space is bounded by the extent to whicn a person can perform his/her basic routine transactions without hinderance.
The concept of a space in mathematics
The concept of a space is an extremely general and important mathematical construct. Members of the space obey certain addition properties. Spaces which have been investigated and found to be of interest are usually named after one or more of their investigators. This practice unfortunately leads to names which give very little insight into the relevant properties of a given space.
The everyday type of space familiar to most people is called Euclidean space. In Einstein's theory of Special Relativity, Euclidean three-space plus time (the "fourth dimension") are unified into the so-called Minkowski space. One of the most general type of mathematical spaces is the topological space.
Please refer to links for more info.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Space.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EuclideanSpace.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinkowskiSpace.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TopologicalSpace.html
According to Steven Hawkins:
In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace. They are used for rapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time. But today's science fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact. So what are the chances for space and time warps. Read the rest here:
http://www.hawking.org.uk/space-and-time-warps.html
I do not think to be possible a constructive definition for the concept of space. Space is a primitive intuition underlying in the concepts of extension, shape, size, etc. Thus, the concept of space is necessary to understand objects that our senses put in our minds, but its nature is intuited and cannot be described properly.
This is why we only can determine this concept by a sentence, but we cannot perform a constructive definition. For instance, we can determine the triangle concept by stating that "it is the second figure in the sequence ◰ △ ◯ □," This sentence determines a triangle, but it is not a definition of the triangle notion. The space definitions exposed in this thread are of this nature.
To ilustrate this idea, listen a fragment of a symphony, and try to write a definition for it such that to read it is equivalent to listen the music.
Dear Brenda,
a very interesting and exiting answer. Thank you a lot. I really have to work on it. Next week am in vacation for a few days and I like to work on your answer.
Thank you very much
Peter
Space is considered as an important element in artworks wherein it refers to distances or areas around, between or within components of an artwork. Space can be positive or negative, open or closed, shallow or deep and two-dimensional or three-dimensional. Sometimes space is not actually within the art piece, but the illusion of it is created.
From the perspective of a mathematician the concept of space is caracterized in topology (topological space) and in metric theory (metric space). The spaces considered can be inter-related.
Space is the separation between collections of attributes that permits them to interact.
Space
"Real space is three-dimensional. Space in a work of art refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can also refer to the artist's use of the area within the picture plane. The area around the primary objects in a work of art is known as negative space, while the space occupied by the primary objects is known as positive space.
Positive and negative space
The relationship of positive to negative space can greatly affect the impact of a work of art. In this drawing, the man and his shadow occupy the positive space, while the white space surrounding him is the negative space. The disproportionate amount of negative space accentuates the figure's vulnerability and isolation..."
http://www.getty.edu/education/teachers/building_lessons/formal_analysis.html
What is space?
A very simple difinition from European Space Agency ( ESA)
In space, no one can hear you scream. This is because there is no air in space – it is a vacuum. Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum.
'Outer space' begins about 100 km above the Earth, where the shell of air around our planet disappears. With no air to scatter sunlight and produce a blue sky, space appears as a black blanket dotted with stars.
Space is usually regarded as being completely empty. But this is not true. The vast gaps between the stars and planets are filled with huge amounts of thinly spread gas and dust. Even the emptiest parts of space contain at least a few hundred atoms or molecules per cubic metre.
Space is also filled with many forms of radiation that are dangerous to astronauts. Much of this infrared and ultraviolet radiation comes from the Sun. High energy X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays – particles travelling close to the speed of light – arrive from distant star systems.
http://www.esa.int/esaKIDSen/SEMVY5WJD1E_OurUniverse_0.html
Dear Colleagues,
We can't define space without talking about time, the space-time is the fabric of the universe.
Insightful discussion about the Concept of "Space"
King regards
Dear @Louadj, you may see fine answer about space & time by @Michael Lersow and after that one, my contribution about it.
Space - One among the Five Elements (Panchabuta)
The traditional Medicine of India Ayurveda recognizes five elements viz., Space, Air, Fire, Water, and Earth as the building blocks of all material existence which provide the foundation for the entire physical world. Ayurveda also observes the five elements within the human body. We nourish ourselves with foods from the Earth, and eventually, our body returns to the earthly matter from which it came. Water is our life-sustaining nectar, making up more than 70 percent of our total body mass. Fire provides the body with heat and radiant energy and exists within all metabolic and chemical actions. Air flows freely throughout the body, giving movement to biological functions and feeding every cell with oxygen. Space is ever-present, humbly residing in the background, providing the other elements with an opportunity to interact in this way.
http://www.eattasteheal.com/ayurveda101/ETH_5elements.htm
I agree with Yogesh. Space is aakash element which contain PRANA which is inhaled thro air. That part of Oxygen in the air helps the biological body as its sustenance. Where as Prana in the space supports the soul-body. As per the scriptures, the Prana does not leave the body during exhale. So it keeps circulating in the body and enters as we inhale. It is said that before six months of our death the prana does not enter the body rather the prana starts to leave the body during every exhale.
"Space" is a five-letters word which has different meanings according to context. So it may has different features according to the science where it is defined. For example it can be empty as defined in Astronomy, while it can has infinite number of elements as in Mathematics.
“I'm choosing happiness over suffering, I know I am. I'm making space for the unknown future to fill up my life with yet-to-come surprises.”
― Elizabeth Gilber
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Engineering
- Chemical Engineering