I am looking for empirical studies that examine the use of non-traditional grading in higher education. This means NOT using A-F grades during a course (even if, at the conclusion of the course, the university requires the instructor to assign a grade using the traditional A-F scale). This could include any of the following: narrative grading (grading with the use of written narratives), portfolio assessment, self-assessment, student-teacher collaborative assessment, formative assessment, etc.