Groundwater quality and quality degradation is the reality globally due to over-exploitation and unrestricted use. There are many predictions about the serious consequence of groundwater depletion and the grim impacts are vivid in many parts of the world. To delay the foreseeable devasting impact, groundwater conservation and recharge are few options. Therefore, a scientific discussion is proposed here to elucidate the technologies/parameters/factors required to be considered by the socially active group/members of the public for an effective recharge of the groundwater.
One of the most important ways to attract participation of farmers and stakeholder in groundwater recharge projects is presentation technical maps about the aquifer. In particular, groundwater level changes, trend of groundwater decline and discharge, aquifer EC map, Land Use changes during the time period and etc. Therefore, using these methods not only have an effective role on their knowledge but it also helps them to have a appropriate participation in the groundwater recharge project. We had a good experience in this part. If you tend to get more information, you can find the following link.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352801X19302644
We must first know whether we are talking about natural recharge or artificial recharge.
The main artificial recharge techniques are:
- Infiltration basins
- Direct injection methods
- Indirect artificial recharge
Infiltration methods consist in facilitating the infiltration of water to the groundwater from specially designed basins, often by taking advantage of the geo-purification capacities of the soil and of the unsaturated zone of the aquifer to ensure a additional treatment of infiltrated water and improve the general quality of the resource. They are generally used to replenish free water tables or in certain cases to set up hydraulic barriers.
Direct injection methods via boreholes are the most widely used methods around the world. They make it possible to recharge captive aquifers in order to increase their potential, or to create hydraulic barriers in order to contain, control or deflect pollution or neutralize a salty wedge, in order to best preserve the exploited water resource. It requires rigorous control of the quality of the water used.
"Indirect artificial recharge", more often called "induced artificial recharge" or "induced recharge" consists of increasing the transfer of water between a watercourse and an alluvial aquifer by setting up underground pumping sites nearby. from the banks. During this transfer, the water from the stream is often partially filtered thanks to the purifying power of the banks. This technique has been known for a long time, which has often led our former water resources operators to place batteries of boreholes in line with rivers and streams.
Regards
Groundwater can be recharged natural through precipitation (rainfall) or streams as well as artificially by pumping water into the aquifer system. Generally, groundwater recharge depends on others factorssuch as infiltration capacity, stochastic characteristics of rainfall, and climate condition of the region under investigation. The spatial and temporal distribution of the rainfall mainly controls the natural groundwater recharge.
Recharging of groundwater naturally takes place by the rainwater and water present in the water source like river and ponds. The water tends to seep through the soil and fill the empty spaces (pores) and cracks below the ground.
Furthermore, the hydraulic properties of the aquifer in terms of porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storativity and specific yield play significant role in the recharge mechanism of groundwater system in any region.
I have been seeing this issue to be very pertinent since last fourth years. Efforts by many governmental, private and NGOs have been working and claiming success to different degrees,the problem is progressively aggravated. There is no systematic effort in wholesome manner. People's participation is felt where there is problem. Consciousness about water and ground water is generally absent. The technique of ground water recharge and water harvesting oh thousand years old. There is an absolute need to practise the methods by people all around the globe. It will take more time, more than the time taken to deplete the resource until now. Methods and results do not matter. Efforts in a smaller scale will show results in a lager scale.
Groundwatergets recharged through the process of infiltration which is simply the seeping of water from rivers and lakes into the empty spaces and cracks deep below the ground. Assessing the potential zone of groundwater recharge is extremely important for the protection of water quality and the management of groundwater systems. Remote sensing and the geographical information system (GIS) are used to integrate five contributing factors: lithology, land cover/land use, lineaments, drainage, and slope. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater recharge are derived using aerial photos, geology maps, a land use database, and field verification. The resultant map of the groundwater potential zone could give an indication of the highest and the lowest recharge potential zone in an area. Groundwatercould also be artificially rechargedby redirecting water across the land surface through canals, infiltration basins, or ponds; adding irrigation furrows or sprinkler systems; or simply injecting waterdirectly into the subsurface through injection wells.
Dear Mr Shukla,
The irony is that your response is contradicting your facts and observation. It is a fact water conservation, recharge and harvesting are old techniques but the problem of groundwater is increasing across the world, you may refer latest UN / WHO reports. Still, the problem persists and snowballing further. Therefore, scientific methodology and techniques are very essential to achieve the required target. Even though water sampling appears to be very simple but you may know that depending on the objective/parameters/deliverable, different approaches made. Similarly, of late RSGIS is an important tool to locate potential recharge points as discussed above Collins Tay and Neda Ravankhah
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Dear Prof. Sunil,
The only way to deal with groundwater is ensuring that recharge zones like wetlands and forests should not be destroyed. Sadly and unfortunately though this is not going to be prevented in the near future as people continue these destructions.
please check the below links:
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/653/pdf
- https://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_6%20print.pdf
- https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/uzf/abs_pubs/papers/JH.332.pdf
I hope they are useful
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