Electric propulsion produce less thrust compare to ic engine

Scaling up hybrid-electric propulsion systems for large commercial aircraft poses several challenges. - *Design and Sizing Challenges*: One major hurdle is the design and sizing of the electric powertrain, energy storage, and electrical grid architecture. These components must be optimized to ensure efficient and reliable operation ¹. - *Weight and Power Density*: Hybrid-electric propulsion systems require significant weight reductions and improvements in power density to be viable for large commercial aircraft. - *Thermal Management*: Managing heat generated by the electrical components is crucial to prevent overheating and ensure reliable operation. - *Multidisciplinary Optimization*: Optimizing the entire propulsion system, including the electrical powertrain, energy storage, and thermal management, requires a multidisciplinary approach. - *Scalability and Cost*: Scaling up hybrid-electric propulsion systems while reducing costs is essential for commercial viability. - *Regulatory Framework and Certification*: Establishing a regulatory framework and certification process for hybrid-electric propulsion systems is necessary for safe and reliable operation. - *Infrastructure Development*: Widespread adoption of hybrid-electric propulsion systems will require significant investment in infrastructure, including charging systems and maintenance facilities. Addressing these challenges will be crucial to successfully scaling up hybrid-electric propulsion systems for large commercial aircraft. ¹

Scaling up hybrid-electric propulsion for large commercial aircraft faces challenges in energy density, thermal management, and system integration. Current battery technology struggles to match the power-to-weight ratio needed for long-haul flights, while managing heat and ensuring reliable integration of electric and traditional systems demands innovative materials and designs to maintain safety, performance, and economic feasibility.

I believe that the road to scale up hybrid propulsion to comertial aicraft should not consider using batteries, that besides having poor power to weight ratios do not decrease their weight along the flight, but rather consider using fuel cells and cryogenic electric engines

See: Galvão, F., "Long Range Aircraft, an Ideal Case for Fuel Cell Power," SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-2957, 2007, https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2957.