Plate or shell elements usually take the bending stiffness into account. Effect of horizontal steel is incorporated using layering technique. Is there any standard package plate/Shell element that includes the stiffness contribution from transverse stirrups? Or can anyone suggest how that effect can be accommodated in plate/shell elements?
That is really a challenge!! I think it does not exist a plate/shell element with the effect of transverse stirrup (I know many researches are working to find a way to include stirrups in fiber-beam based elements). I suppose it could be included only at the material level (concrete law) by using a classical confinment rule such the one proposed by Mander. Or, on the other side, to create a solid/brick model with embedded reinforcement.
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