You can use the Munsell Color System, it is used in the soil sciences, or another color systems like RGB and CMYK. Maybe this Android application can be useful for you: COLORGUIDE.
Scale of the color of the seeds is part of the Test Guidelines - International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (for some crops, www.upov.int/).
Beside above mention methods, you can deploy advance optical machines to get the seeds in visible range (400-750 nm) sorted. Consequent dataset coupled with multivariate modeling is successfully able to classify the seeds according to their color.