I would like to put PI on tissue slices and then fix them to perform IF. As a second readout for cell death, I will also use cleaved caspase 3 staining. I am not sure if PFA maintains PI in tissue/cells.
Propidium iodide (PI) is a commonly used fluorescent dye that intercalates with DNA and is often used to assess cell viability and cell death. Fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) is a standard method for preserving cellular structures and enabling immunofluorescence (IF) staining. However, there are considerations to keep in mind when using PI and PFA together.
While PFA fixation can preserve overall tissue morphology and certain antigens, it can affect the fluorescence signal of PI. PFA fixation may cause a decrease in PI fluorescence intensity, potentially resulting in an underestimation of cell death. Additionally, PFA can affect the accessibility of PI to intracellular DNA, potentially reducing its staining efficiency.
To mitigate these issues, there are a few strategies you can consider:
Sequential staining: Perform PFA fixation first, followed by permeabilization and staining with PI. This order allows for optimal preservation of tissue morphology and structural integrity while ensuring adequate PI staining.
Use a fixable viability dye: Instead of PI, you could consider using a fixable viability dye such as 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) or Zombie dyes. These dyes are specifically designed to be compatible with fixation protocols, ensuring accurate assessment of cell viability even after fixation.
Optimize fixation conditions: If it is essential to use PI and PFA together, you can optimize the fixation conditions to minimize the potential loss of PI fluorescence. This could involve adjusting the PFA concentration, fixation time, or using alternative fixatives such as methanol or ethanol.