Imagine you can make cells express a protein and attach a "barcode" to each protein molecule. How you would apply such method? What questions can you answer?
A, Expression levels in different cell types (different tissues, cancer cells,..)
B, PTMs in different cell types.Whereas there is already lots of information about A in some databases (although I'm not familiar how accurate they are), I think there is plenty of interest of the community in B (of course, there is also data available, but not as comprehensive as for A to my knowledge). And of course in the consequences of those PTMs..! Regulation of protein activities, interactions, etc.
this tecnique could be used to study hybrid protein complexes between host and endosymbionts (bacteria), this still an open question in insects' evolution.
There are a lot of good ideas above, but I just wanted to drop a note:
In case you haven't, you might look up our paper (Ngo et al. 2009) and subsequent publications from the Tirrell lab to get some ideas on proof-of-concept studies you might be able to do with your technique.
Article Cell-Selective Metabolic Labeling of Proteins