Reactive Oxygen Species and free radicals - their involvement in disease progression, role of antioxidants and their expected pharmacological actions.
Oxidative and antioxidative defense mechanism are the key factor to regulate and the homeostatic state for the body. Both are necessary and if the activity of one increases then the adverse reactions occurs. Oxidative stress play the vital role for all of the diseases but remarkably it has significant effect on caridiovascular, neurodegenerative disease and the aging. Such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemia and stroke, lung disease, cancer, wound, neurodegenerative disorders all are directly related to the elevated level of oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is suspected to be important in neurodegenerative diseases including Lou Gehrig's disease (aka MND or ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Indirect evidence via monitoring biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species production, antioxidant defense indicates oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, while cumulative oxidative stress with disrupted mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial damage are related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Oxidative stress is thought to be linked to certain cardiovascular disease, since oxidation of LDL in the vascular endothelium is a precursor to plaque formation. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade due to oxygen reperfusion injury following hypoxia. This cascade includes both strokes and heart attacks. Oxidative stress has also been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome. Oxidative stress also contributes to tissue injury following irradiation and hyperoxia, as well as in diabetes.
Oxidative stress is likely to be involved in age-related development of cancer. The reactive species produced in oxidative stress can cause direct damage to the DNA and are therefore mutagenic, and it may also suppress apoptosis and promote proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis.[1] Infection by Helicobacter pylori which increases the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in human stomach is also thought to be important in the development of gastric cancer.
So if plant extract posses an antioxidant effect, it can be suspected that it can have protective effect in all those above discussed diseases. But all most all plant extract shows antioxdant properties (though it is poor) and they can not replicate into the in vivo experiment. Moreover it is hard to translate the experimental findings to the real life. But antioxidant may possess, antiaging, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antistress, antistroke, neuroprotectant, cardioprotactat, wound healing, and many other pharmacological effects.
Oxidative and antioxidative defense mechanism are the key factor to regulate and the homeostatic state for the body. Both are necessary and if the activity of one increases then the adverse reactions occurs. Oxidative stress play the vital role for all of the diseases but remarkably it has significant effect on caridiovascular, neurodegenerative disease and the aging. Such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemia and stroke, lung disease, cancer, wound, neurodegenerative disorders all are directly related to the elevated level of oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is suspected to be important in neurodegenerative diseases including Lou Gehrig's disease (aka MND or ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Indirect evidence via monitoring biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species production, antioxidant defense indicates oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, while cumulative oxidative stress with disrupted mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial damage are related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Oxidative stress is thought to be linked to certain cardiovascular disease, since oxidation of LDL in the vascular endothelium is a precursor to plaque formation. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the ischemic cascade due to oxygen reperfusion injury following hypoxia. This cascade includes both strokes and heart attacks. Oxidative stress has also been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome. Oxidative stress also contributes to tissue injury following irradiation and hyperoxia, as well as in diabetes.
Oxidative stress is likely to be involved in age-related development of cancer. The reactive species produced in oxidative stress can cause direct damage to the DNA and are therefore mutagenic, and it may also suppress apoptosis and promote proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis.[1] Infection by Helicobacter pylori which increases the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in human stomach is also thought to be important in the development of gastric cancer.
So if plant extract posses an antioxidant effect, it can be suspected that it can have protective effect in all those above discussed diseases. But all most all plant extract shows antioxdant properties (though it is poor) and they can not replicate into the in vivo experiment. Moreover it is hard to translate the experimental findings to the real life. But antioxidant may possess, antiaging, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antistress, antistroke, neuroprotectant, cardioprotactat, wound healing, and many other pharmacological effects.
In general, most of the plants have antioxidant property as they are all containing phenolic compounds, flavonoids. most of the plant species give a positive results for the antioxident test. thats y this activity alone is not accepted for publishing in reputed journals like Ethnopharmacology.
It may show anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective in many CNS disorders (Alzheimer, Depression, Anxiety and Parkinson etc.), Anti rheumatic etc.
Yes I do agree with Devang & Ankur , it might posses activities like Immunomodulation, anti Diabetic, Anti lipidemic, anti inflammatory & so on ... !!
I would also suggest you to name the plant drug , so based on its presence in Ayurveda we may explore even additional leads !!
Dear Alok, if you want to try other activities in your research I suggest you to begin with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, if your results on DL50 are fair.
Yes i do agree with jelena nadinicon suggestion for consideration of lethal dose of your plant.
The antioxidant activity is one of the most used to several pharmacological activities, such in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, antiaging, and antimicrobial. However, many journals do not accept these studies anymore without a very good pharmacological activity linked to the antioxidant activity, since it's very notorious that plants produce compounds with antioxidant activity (and it also includes the antimicrobial activity). My suggestion is to perform a screening with the compounds isolated to another specific activity, and a good idea could be the anticholinesterase activity.
Dear Alok,
I am little late to answer your question. We study most of ROS and antioxidant in our lab. If you want to study the antioxidant activity of a plant extract simply you need a UV spectrometer and a oxidant. If you know the absorbance wavelength of your compound then you have to react that compound with different concentration of oxidant. if the absornace is decreasing that means that your compound have the ability to scavenge oxidant. Its just simple reaction.
Anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive (in most cases), antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic
Bhakta GAIRE, Will you suggest me some reference papers for the above statement answer.?
Many of the activities have already mentioned, still want to add something: These anti-oxidants are also useful to prevent the cell injury that can happen due to ischaemia followed by reperfusion of blood & that is the reason, anti-oxidants can be useful in Brain Stroke, or some other neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, and other disorders occur due to oxidative stress...
Dear Alok,
Anti epigenetic factors. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype, caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
Respected Sir,
Plant extract with antioxidant activity may posses Pharmacological activities like, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antifertility, fertility enhancement activity etc., antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity by cyclo voltametric method and anticorrosion studies.
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