The functionalization can be developed during the synthesis of nanoparticles or once that they are already obtained through a second step in the preparation methodology.
You can couple with appropriate trichloro silanes post synthesis for carboxylic acid groups on the surface.
Maybe it is possible to use esterified bifunctional acids (e.g. Esters of chloroorganic acids) or free diacids (glutaric, for example) in low concentantrations (conversion can be estimated by determination of nanoparticles acidity)
The in-situ functionalization is possible only using sol-gel or hydrothermal method. In these case we use ethylenediamine diacetate that also iinfluence the morphology of powders leading to nanorods.
to get free carboxylic acid groups into the surface, you may also try the mixture of HNO3/H2SO4 and boil the solution for 4 hours.
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