How to manually calculate Spring rate of a cross mechanical component? For instance the component can be a Tubular cycle handle or door handle of your home.
Stiffness is the second derivative according to displacements parameters of deformation energy of your system.
Expression of energy depends on the types of deformation you take into account. Bending, distortion or tensional stress for instance.
For classical case of bending, strength of materials formular for deflection
For tubular structure, you can use formular ( roark's formular).
Generally spring rate or stiffness is defined as Force per unit deflection. In FEM generally for one dimensional bars it is taken as k= A E/L where A is area of cross section, E is the Young's modulus and L is the length of the bar
If You want more go through Blend -Theory of Linear viscoelasticity 1960
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