Harvard University do not rely on quantitative data to prove the second law of thermodynamics through empirical phenomena, and students travel back to the pre Galileo era.

1，The empirical phenomena that prove the second law of thermodynamics are: anti perpetual motion machine, thermal diffusion, thermal conduction, frictional heat generation... These empirical phenomena cannot provide quantitative data.

2. The logic of the second law of thermodynamics can become a science by following the following steps

Anti perpetual motion machine==>X1=f1 (T)

Thermal diffusion==>X2=f2 (T)

Heat conduction==>X3=f3 (T)

Friction heat generation==>X4=f4 (T)

X - is the transmission of energy and matter. F1~f4 must have a simple mathematical form, be stable, and be reproducible.

f1~f4==>X=f(T)==>dS=dQ/T

DS=dQ/T, reverse deduce X1~X4, and predict more results that are consistent with the experiment.

The second law of thermodynamics has become a science.

3. The logic of the second law of thermodynamics does not include any of the above, and is independent of the anti perpetual motion machine, heat diffusion, heat conduction, frictional heat generation, and Carnot efficiency,

4. Carnot efficiency is a simple calculation of thermal work, using The first law of thermodynamics is sufficient.

5. Carnot efficiency=1-T1/T2, which means only considering temperature (molecular kinetic energy) and truncating interactions. The second law of thermodynamics states that the thermal properties and experimental deviation rate are very large, as shown in the picture