Yasmine Mabed Replacing Na2O and CaO with Li2O and BaO in glass membrane electrodes extends the pH range to levels greater than 12 due to the following reasons:
1. Increased basicity: Li2O and BaO are more basic than Na2O and CaO, which allows the glass to withstand higher pH levels without dissolving or degrading.
2. Improved durability: The substitution increases the glass's resistance to alkali attack, reducing the risk of damage or degradation at high pH levels.
3. Enhanced stability: Li2O and BaO help maintain the glass's structural stability, even in highly alkaline environments, ensuring consistent electrode performance.
4. Reduced sodium error: Li2O reduces the sodium error, which is a common issue in glass electrodes at high pH levels, allowing for more accurate measurements.
5. Increased lithium ion mobility: Li2O increases the mobility of lithium ions within the glass, facilitating faster and more accurate pH measurements.
By replacing Na2O and CaO with Li2O and BaO, the glass membrane electrode's pH range is extended to levels greater than 12, making it suitable for applications in highly alkaline environments, such as in certain industrial processes or wastewater treatment.
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