Wind movement (direction and intensity) is basically due to differences in atmospheric pressure (pressure force), derived from temperature changes. It can be studied with pressure gradients. There are convection (vertical) and advection (horizontal) movements.

On a global scale, the Coriolis effect (geostrophic wind) and the friction force of surfaces influence. On a regional scale there is monsoonal circulation, tropical and subtropical cyclones. Locally, there are the ocean and land breezes, the valley and mountains, and local convections.

I hope to help you.

Dear, Meysam Asadi,

and Francisco Javier Urcádiz Cázares,

Actually,

As with all energy supply options, wind energy can have adverse environmental impacts, including the potential to reduce, fragment, or degrade habitat for wildlife, fish, and plants. Furthermore, spinning turbine blades can pose a threat to flying wildlife like birds and bats.

This link will help you for more information related to wind energy and its comparison with environment.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/environmental-impacts-and-siting-wind-projects&ved=2ahUKEwiTloH4rtjoAhUFx4UKHSxXCb4QFjABegQIDBAF&usg=AOvVaw33h1tcQS1qKBnfFKISkoLB

Hope you will understand will this information,

If any question feel free to ask me. Thanks.

Dear Meysam Asadi ,

-There are two kinds of wind turbines based on the site. First one is offshore wind turbine, which is placed at 1 to 75 km far from the land. Second one is onshore wind turbine, which is situated in the land.

-There are no barrier in the offshore, that makes available high wind velocity near to the water surface. Offshore type requires lower tower configuration against higher wind speeds. Offshore wind turbines have an extra prominent energy potential however marine surroundings for example, waves, wind, depth of water, weather and sea bed soil condition create some difficulties to the project of offshore type, such as cost , delivery process and complex foundation.

-

Onshore wind turbine

The wind speed essentially decreased because of the barriers in landscape, buildings, trees and mountains. Onshore type requires higher tower construction for higher wind speeds, standard concrete establishments. Because of the large rotor diameter and higher tower structure .

-You can also read this file below:

" Characteristics of environmental factors contributing to ALOS-2 PALSAR wind speed errors ". DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2019.1706204 .

Hello Meysam,

In many models the altitude and surface roughness are considered. Take a look at section 2.4 of the attached paper and the references that are cited in that section.

We can mention:

geographical, climatological, topographic, interannual variation, seasonal variation, daytime variation, thermal effects, local obstacles (buildings, trees, etc.)

The new study indicates that large natural climate cycles are a potential culprit.

Using models to study factors that influence global wind behavior, researchers have found that large climate patterns - which affect temperatures in certain parts of the world - have a major impact on wind speed. Temperature differences between adjacent areas, or between the ocean and adjacent land areas, can affect air flow.

You can also read this file below:

1- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worlds-winds-are-speeding-up/

2- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032119303259

to estimate wind speed based on the environmental specifications, can also read this file below:

file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/atmosphere-10-00804.pdf

file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/applsci-09-05385-v2%20(1).pdf