My study involves protonating (through nitric acid) Moringa oleifera seed powder (lignocellulosic) to, theoretically, increase adsorption capacity.

In literature, acidifying causes oxygen surface complexes which supposedly increase adsorption sites. Acidifying also is said to lead to an increase in surface area.

My study is the adsorption of zinc by M. oleifera (Biosorption).

The first photo is non-protonated seed powder.

The second photo is protonated seed powder.

The third photo is non-protonated seed powder with zinc.

The fourth photo is protonated seed powder with zinc.

They are all at 1000x magnification.

Is there a noticeable difference? It seems to me there is but I am unsure. How would one describe them? It's my first time to use the SEM so I'm unsure.

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