Answers to query No 1 as well-as No3 submited in separate communication.....Prof SM Khop[kar

Dear Shripad Khopkar,

Dear Michael Päch ,

I did not understand the answers, Is it possible to explain more?

I think , Haddawi means threshold energy of the  copper target (Cu) that need to ablated  by Pulsed laser ablation to prepare thin film of copper.

Best regards

You not find specific equation to calculation the threshold fluence energy ( F) (J/ cm2) to able ablation the metal (Cu), but usually the equation to find the fluene energy for different metals depend on the properties of this metals and parameters of laser it use. Kindly ,read this paper .

The thresh limit Is it related to concentration if so one can analyses from micro gram to nano gram with spectral devises like spectrometer AAS.ICP-AES

Dear ,    All

Most models neglect  e-p  interaction,  so that  there are a differences between theory and experimentally (We have seen in our works). so that we will modified  it in new our book .this effect more dominate in long lambda (Λ, λ)  .other factor depending on bonds type  in unit cell (lattice) .this details and others will contains in our book.

Regards

22 eV