Cell Culture Models:Cardiac Fibroblasts (CFs): These cells are central to fibrosis. Isolate primary CFs from cardiac tissue or use commercially available cell lines. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Fibroblasts (iPSC-CFs): iPSCs can be differentiated into CFs, providing a valuable tool for drug screening1. Coculture Systems: Combine CFs with other cardiac cell types (e.g., cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells) to mimic the cardiac microenvironment.

Remember, cardiac fibrosis is multifaceted, involving cell signaling, ECM dynamics, and tissue mechanics. Combining relevant models and advanced imaging techniques will pave the way for novel treatments against cardiac fibrosis.