Hi Jack,
I would suggest you to read the attached article.
Crit Care Med. 2003 Aug;31(8 Suppl):S496-501. Mechanical injury and repair of cells. Miyake K, McNeil PL.
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Cell injury is the process through which a cell is damaged and start to behave in a different manner, in some cases with negative influence to the rest of the cells and organs. The repair mechanism of a cell that was damaged is the mechanism that the cell has to restore its normal function.
Causes of cell injury:
•Oxygen deprivation
•Chemical agents
•Infectious agents
•Immunological reactions
•Genetic defects
•Nutritional imbalances
•Physical agents
•Aging
Mechanisms of Cell Injury . Adaptation- reversible injury
•Atrophy
- Shrinkage in the size of the cell (or organ) by the loss of cell substance
- Same number of cells
- E.g. pernicious anemia is associated with gastric atrophy
- Dementia is associated with brain atrophy
•Hypertrophy
- Increase in size of cells and consequently an increase in the size of the organ
- Can be physiological e.g. athletes, or pathological e.g. hypertension
- Caused by increased functional demand or hormone stimulation
•Hyperplasia
- An increase in the number of cells in an organ
- Can be physiological or pathological
- Physiological hyperplasia can be either hormonal or compensatory
- Pathological hyperplasia is usually due to excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation
- E.g. proliferative endometrium, carcinoma
•Metaplasia
- A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
- E.g. physiological- change in cervix during puberty
- Pathological- acid reflux through oesophagus (Barrett’s columnar lined oesophagus)
•Dysplasia
- One meaning: abnormal in form e.g. retinal dysplasia (not what we are talking about)
- Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue
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