Dear Vikram:

 For nanoparticles, there are maximum allowable concentrations. Above these concentrations they are toxic. We are reducting the ions of  precursor rutin, quercetin. Plant materials reduce toxicity. Furthermore, they are less polluting. Hydrazine (reductant) is highly toxic. At crushing nanoparticles coated with a material of mill balls. It is not necessary to synthesize of nanoparticle. Synthesis pollute the environment. Perovskite is good material for solar cells. It contains toxic lead. It is necessary to recycle old solar panel. It pollutes the environment. We offer electrochemical cells from plants with nanoparticles. These cells are obtained without synthesis. After work, they can be burned, and the ashes of the nanoparticles used for fertilizer. Impregnation of plant seed of nanoparticles (non-toxic concentration) increases the yield of wheat.

Best regards.

Dear Dr.Yuri,

I appreciate your answer and information, to add up with my question , for instance if we synthesize silver or gold nanoparticles via green route by using some green system which has antimicrobial activity ; in such case the green system encapsulates the Ag/Au nanoparticles and researchers claim that by introducing these green coated nanoparticles , the toxicity of nanoparticles [NPs] is controlled and enhances the antimicrobial activity ; if the green system has capacity of high antimicrobial activity then what is the role of nanoparticles especially for antimicrobial / anticancer properties. How one can validate the effect of green / NPs . In another case, the encapsulation process makes nanoparticles to react at slower rate with surrounding while compared to raw nanoparticles; if the nanoparticles exhibits good antimicrobial/ anticancer properties then why there is a need for these green system and vice versa. kindly explain , thanks again for your answer.

Green  Synthesis  is the synthesis of either  nano /macro particles is pollution free process . and natural reserves will remains unaffected. moreover , it   is bio degradable  product .from the  ancient era, it is the practice that leaves , fruits and stems are directly using one or the other way for example Neam tree ,we are using leaves,fruits, tender  branches for various types  of uses like paste , oil, cleaning tooth,  anti dandruff , fungicide  anti bacterial purpose    and as  bio fertilizer  even in modern days. hence if we are synthesis any Nano particle from such types of plants. so , this is pollution free , natural product ,no chemicals no side effects even .

hence if we prepare/synthesis  Ag,Au,Cu,Zn etc nano particles by these way ,it is cost effective too.more advantages only ,there will be not much disadvantages.

Dear Dr.Rao

Thanks for your answer , but my question is can somebody claim or underwent studies on the toxicity effect of raw nanoparticles and green synthesized nanoparticles. For example, if we are synthesizing Ag nanoparticles via green route , we use AgNo3 [ a chemical ] as precursor and use green substance may be as catalyst for reduction process , in such case how it can be claimed as green synthesis, it can be claimed only if we use 100 % of green substance to synthesis these particles. Most of the literature report that they have used a chemical such as AgNo3, AuCl and even ZnCl. Is there any strong comparison between synthesis nanoparticles from these systems and compare with nanoparticles synthesized using green+these chemicals . Also, if the green susbtance which encapsulates these nanoparticles react with environment then finally the nanoparticles inside that encapsulation should react with environment in such case wont they exhibit same toxicity level while compared to raw nanoparticles. IF the green synthesized nanoparticles are believed to be biodegradable , what will the effect of these nanoparticles after the green substance gets removed from the nanoparticles over the period of time , then how can we claim that these nanoparticles still adheres to green substance or any mechanism which defines the duration of adhesion or binding  of green substance with nanoparticles , kindly clarify. 

 First of all, in green synthesis plant extracts  are used as reducing as well as capping agent , catalyst i another thing. After that in context of enhanced antimicrobial activity, lets take eg. , suppose we use neem(Azadirachta indica ) or tulsi(Ocimum sanctum) to synthesize the silver NPs , From the ancient science ,   neem and tulsi used as medicinal herb because of their antibacterial and antifungal properties and NPs have also antibacterial activities (They easily enters into the bacterial cell wall - generation of ROS{reactive oxygen species}- ultimately leads to cell death, known as apoptosis.) Due to this reason , biogenic NPs or green synthesized NPs have enhanced antimicrobial activity. and you can identify the phytochemicals or  green substance (polyphenols, ascorbic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids , proteins present in plant extract which responsible to reduction and stabilizing the NPs by using   FTIR spectroscopy w.r.t.to their stretching and bending peaks .

Dear Jagpreet ,

I was aware of all these things , pls check my last question carefully which is posted above your answer ; points like if neem has excellent AM/AC properties then why we need Nanaoparticles ? , can somebody authenticate the exact role of raw green substance , NPs , and composite ? what will be the fate of biogenic NPs afer reactions, anyway those particles has different properties compared to green system ; it is like a foreign body to that particle , in such case why we need this biogenic NPs composite 

Due to their small size , high surface to volume ratio, NPs can reach and enter into cancer cells and  kills them which  neem herb cannot do. it is more effective way to kill the bacterial cell.

Article Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles from Panax ginse...

Then why you want to use neem ? what additional effect it gives or additional value it adds , what will happen to green system and NPs after destroying these unwanted cells ? , why u need NP+green composite when each individual has its own role to eradicate the problem ? , any comparative studies on the raw vs composites of biogenic NPs and their effect on different cells and who leads the race ???

green synthesis is cost effective , environment benign and not any hazard  and costly chemical is used such as hydrazine , sodium borohydride . i already said, By combining the NPs + green system , effectiveness of our system will increase like enhanced antibacterial activity  . Yeah , i also done antibacterial activity with silver NPs synthesized by chemical vs plant extract , but you will wonder to see that , zone of clearance is more by biogenic Silver NPs then chemical synthesized Ag NPs.

Dear Vikram :

1. Due to the large specific surface area ( nm2 / g) of gold or silver nanoparticles adsorb routines and transferred to a human body.

2. What you buy rutin - synthesized in the laboratory or from a plant?

3. The toxicity of nanoparticles associated with the destruction of the cells. The nanoparticles destroy cell membranes (( nm2 / g) and interact with enzymes ... When nanoparticle covered his cell material, the cell is in love with her.

4. Magnetite is magnetic. In the cancer site by the magnetic field, they heat up and destroy cancer cells.

5. Gold nanoparticles give SERS. If they are an indicator, It is possible to determine the localization of cancer.

You write "these green substance encapsulate nanoparticles". You must write "nanoparticles of disperse system adsorbed (chemisorbed ) these green substance".  The total value of the Gibbs energy of the system decreases the positive component of the surface Gibbs energy .

Regards.

1. Due to the large specific surface area (nm2 / g) of gold or silver nanoparticles adsorb routines and transferred to a human body.

2. What you buy rutin - synthesized in the laboratory or from a plant?

3. The toxicity of nanoparticles associated with the destruction of the cells. The nanoparticles destroy (nm2 / g) cell membranes and interact with enzymes ... When nanoparticle covered his cell material, the cell is in love with her.

4. Magnetite is magnetic. In the cancer site by the magnetic field, they heat up and destroy cancer cells.

5. Gold nanoparticles give SERS. If they are an indicator, it is possible to determine the localization of cancer.

Regards.