Dear Ella,

Can you elaborate the term "predisposition" , "prewired" , what is that "pre" exactly mean in terms of scientific background . If [стул ]is derived from Chair then from where structure of [ chair ] is derived , how to someone arrive to a conclusion that C should be like an ARC and A should some what look like Eiffel tower , how our brain determines that this structure should be made like this pattern . Let us assume ,In ancient days ,that the structures arrived from nature , if so then how our brain determines that these natural structures is should be used as letters and in combination as words. 

Most of us are critical of the universal grammar conception:

http://www.salon.com/2013/09/21/how_to_understand_the_deep_structures_of_language_partner/

"Design constraints, rather than an innate knowledge of grammar, may explain similarities across languages"

However, the theory has a lot of helpful elements for our current framing and reframings of how most language develops.

Vikram,

If I am understanding your question correctly (how the brain learned and developed the ability to use orthography), this is actually a sizable debate. I would recommend looking into Stanislas Dehaene's book "Reading in the Brain", which introduces the "neuronal recycling hypothesis" (He also has articles on it, but their titles escape me). I would also recommend reading the responses to his book in the June 2014 (Volume 29, Issue 3)  edition of Mind and Language (linked), because the neuronal recycling hypothesis is not without its flaws. The responses are in the first five articles. 

Is this what you were looking for?

Best

Bethany

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mila.2014.29.issue-3/issuetoc

I was looking for something like  "neuronal recycling hypothesis"  , thanks bethany for the link , I just want to notify that our language considered to be the  one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world which has existed for over 2000 years. We believe that the structure used as letters in our language has significant effect on tuning the brain functioning. There might not be a solid evidence for such claims but i feel that the structures and language we use has deep connection with brain functioning. To be specific , we all know how we are affected by rough words and pleased by soft words or a soft music and rock music. In continuation with that, can we claim that an insight thing which exist in our mind is the core reason for determining the structures as letters and codes what our ancestors used in their period and what we we now. 

i have noticed a term named   which defines that Cross It is the adaptive reorganization of neurons to integrate the function of two or more sensory systems - and their implications for blind people to recognise words.An in-sight though arises that the mode of structuring has significant effect on the function of brain , which may even alter the functioning w.r.t  change in the way of structuring those letters. 

It is interesting that very old languages like Tamil has a combination of words in poems which has salient effect on the various functioning of the brain. I don't have idea that if we use techniques like fMRI , EEG to determine the responses obtained from brain functioning during the usage of various languages, scripts and process of writing specific scripts and letters. 

I believe that language is developed with an in-sight applications to alter the brain functioning , and there are some interesting explanations   which claims that usage of specific terms alters the molecules present in our human system and even in animals. In such case , structuring the word [ any language ]  should also have a effect on the brain [ here i am talking about the effect of structuring letters , Alphabets of any language ] , even though we can argue that the brain send a signal to structure that words , then there arise a question that how brain [ the one who created ] knows to make such specific structures so called [letters , Alphabets]. 

Thanks to Ella Pavlotskaya for elaborate explanations, Kevin Stoda for providing link on structures of language , and Bethany Sussman for precise clarification on my queries . As a physicist , i raised such this question " Is there any theory or mechanism.... ? " to get an explanation to make comparative studies on usage of structures [ any language ] and their effect on brain functioning , i believe that our ancestors have developed these structures with an in-sight connection mental health  and tuning the various functions of brain through these structures so called letters , words and so on. I would like to initiate collaborative research work in these topics [ brain theory , physics , cognitive neuroscience , linguistics and imaging ]   and i invite you people to contribute your valuable suggestions for this research work  , if you are interested you can contact me in my email < [email protected] > for further discussion, thanks to all for your time and contributions.

Please find the attachment in continuation with my previous explanations for comparative studies on the effect of structuring letters on brain fuctioning

Thanks Joachim,

The below links got useful information regarding my queries

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/thuo-022211.php

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3512470.stm

http://news.sciencemag.org/brain-behavior/2012/04/monkey-see-monkey-do.-monkey-read

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/12/4965

can anyone explain the below sentence technically , any explanation using fMRI or any other theories ??

[ left visual cortex contains neurons that are specialized to process written words as whole word units ]

need a clear explanation on how that neuron in cortex identifies such structures and process as words. 

The paleo-archaeological evidence through which we groped to reconstruct, at least in general and with reasonable uncertainty, the essential features of the social life of our distant ancestors lived during the Lower Paleolithic period (a period of time between about 2.7 - 2.4 million and 300-120 thousand years ago), are few and are becoming increasingly scarce and fragmented in as you pass by the most recent finds dating from the second half of the Lower Paleolithic (a period of time that is rounded down between about 900-700 thousand, 300-120 thousand years ago) to the oldest artefacts dating from the first half of the Lower Paleolithic (a period of time ranging from about 2.7 to 2.4 million and 900-700 thousand years ago) .

The information that can be drawn from the findings vary according to their history and depend on the type of artifact that we have available.

Those who go back to the first half of the Lower Palaeolithic stone tools are essentially of two types:

i) handmade stone used as tools, minimalist and essential in their shape, made according to a synthetic spatial perspective of a mirror-symmetrical type (double-sided), a symmetry (mirror simmetry), which reflects a two-dimensional spatial perspective (bipolar) and a based guidance on the horizon, the point where the two lines of Sky and Earth come together;

ii) handmade with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic forms created according to a two-dimensional spatial perspective.

Those from the second half of the Lower Palaeolithic instead are of three types:

- Stone carvings or petroglyphs (stone carvings such as the Caves of Bhimbetka and Daraki-Chattan, India, dated between 200-290 thousand, 500-700 thousand years ago), lines and points as engravings add the size of the depth to two-dimensional perspective, creating the suggestion of three-dimensionality;

- Specimens of anthropomorphic statuettes classified as Venus (Venus of Tan Tan, Morocco, dated between 300,000 and 500,000 AF; Venus Berekhat Ram, Israel, dated between 230,000 and 500,000 AF);

- Artifacts that provide information on Paleolithic humans migration flows ;

- Stone tools (choppers, bifaces, scrapers, axes and spikes) developed and diversified in terms of their intended use, but also because of the location of their makers perspective, a fact of great importance in the process of psycho-relational and psycho-biological individuation (incubation process which at the end of the Middle Paleolithic, brought to maturity that neuro-psychological identitarian complex , distinct and relatively autonomous, which we call self-consciousness) of the human being, because it indicates that the position of the human actor, in the binocular perception of reality, is taken as the psycho-spatial coordinate that gives a sense of depth to the reality itself: the human actor's position, as psycho-spatial coordinate for the depth, is the dependent variable (the number 3) which orients the two-dimensional extension of the line (the number 2) and the one-dimensional point (the number 1) generating the three dimensionality.

Wynn observes with respect to the 3-dimensional sense [In: Wynn, T. (1989). The evolution of spatial competence. Chicago: University of Illinois, 61-65]: "Perhaps the most critical new spatial concept is the understanding and coordination of multiple points of view. The intentionally straight edges and parallels on some of the Isimila bifaces require attention to a stable point of view, which is a projective notion. More complex still are the regular cross sections of many of these bifaces . . . Unlike the spatial concepts used for earlier tools, these projective notions allow the internal frame of the artifact to be controlled by the external relation of perspective. A second spatial concept to appear by 300,000 years ago is that of a "Euclidean" space, that is, a space definable by a three-dimensional coordinate grid. . . . The acquisition of this constellation appears to have hinged on a single breakthrough in spatial thinking, the invention or discovery of perspective. . . . The evolution of these concepts of space reflects, I think, the development of a very distinct concept of self as an actor in an independently existing world. Such an awareness is at the heart of human understanding".

In comparing the findings from the second half of the Lower Paleolithic period, with artifacts dating from the Middle Paleolithic (from 300-120 thousand to 45-30 thousand years ago), including pictographs, petroglyphs, abundant and varied types of tools and other processed hand, some of them for sure propitiatory-magical significance, as well as other clear indications on the evolution of fire control, the data that are detected are in favor of a substantial refinement of the skills used in the manufacture of materials such as stone, bone and the wood, the more processing and structuring of the objectives pursued with their production, but also and above all, provide guidance on the development and sedimentation, of the three-dimensional perspective orientation, assumed by the human actor during the Lower Palaeolithic.

Because of this anthropocentric orientation develops a slow and gradual emancipation of human individuals from the relationship of continuity or phylogenetic-unconditional identification with their own natural habitat, relationship that for hundreds of thousands of years the human-animal has shared with the similar identification inherited from all other animals in relation to their natural habitats (the fish with water, the birds with air, the ants with earth, etc..), determining a drift towards a problematic epigenetics relationship of contiguity, or epigenetic-conditioned identification with the world, which, in fertilising the relationship of continuity, re-creates the world in the form of internal representation of external reality.

In this regenerative and representative process , the undivided unit territory-individual, is cleaved into a territory and its mapping. In the tension fraught with uncertainties created by this splitting, the absence of intentional supra-adaptive purposes in animal perceptual process, is facing and integrates with the human being peculiar musical-acoustic facultie, and from their anthropo-centric orientation flows the fully supra-adaptive behavior to all intents and purposes we call cultural production.

This is the scenario that leads to the articulation and codification of human language (communication), and, later, to the emergence of verbal communication and thought.

Based on the paleo-archaeological findings so far found (dated between 20,000 and 700,000 Years Before Now), products derived from processing of stone and bone inspired by a paleo-apotropaic use of the female nurse-mother figure and its "vital" anatomical attributes as nipples -breast-vulva [from petroglyphs and stone carvings of Bhimbetka, India, dated to between 290,000 and 700,000 YBN, Lower-Middle Paleolithic, which seem to allude to a synthesis between the quarry footprint of a hollow nipple and the orifices of the breast ducts; the Venus of Tan Tan, Morocco, dated between 300,000 and 500,000 YBN, Lower-Middle Paleolithic; the Venus of Berekhat Ram, Israel, dated between 230,000 and 500,000 YBN, Lower-Middle Paleolithic; the abundant finds of exclusively female figurines dating to the late Paleolithic, including: the Venus of Hohle Fels about 35000-40000 YBN; the bone Venus of Kostenky c. 30,000 YBN; the Venus of Montpazier c. 30,000 YBN; the Venus of Dolni Vestonice c. 24,000 to 26.000 YBN; the Venus of Willendorf c. 25,000 YBN; the Venus of Savignano c. 25,000 YBN; the Venus of Moravany c. 22000-24000 YBN; the limestone Venus of Kostenky c. 21000-23000 YBN; the Venus of Laussel c. 20,000- 23,000 YBN; the Venus of Brassempouy c. 23,000 YBN; the Venus of Lespugue c. 23,000 YBN; the Venus of Garagino c. 22,000 YBN; the Venus of Malta c. 21,000 YBN], and according to the reconstruction of human migration elapsed during Lower-Middle and Upper Palaeolithic (a series of stone axes, quartz, found in Crete and dated between 130,000 and 800,000 YBN attest that already from the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic perhaps Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis certainly built rudimentary boats for the open sea), we can say with reasonable certainty that the human being becomes a cultural-animal in all respects only very late in the history of mankind, at approximately 60,000 YBN (Late Paleolithic).

In order to make culture, in fact, is not sufficient to resort to ideational and manual skills to cope with environmental pressures or to search for and colonize new ecological niches, as it is not enough to use a peculiar mode of expression as working Paleolithic stone. The key requirement for making culture is given by the individuals to recognize themselves as distinct from their environment, and this psychological-birth is an event matured only in the late Paleolithic, with Homo sapiens. After a long process of bio-psycho-logical self-identication started at least 1.200.000 years before with Homo habilis, fully expended for the fulfillment of the requirements related to the survival and care of children, in Homo sapiens (and therefore since about 200.000 YBN) the human psychic territory from being undifferentiated finds itself increasingly differentiated, according to the sedimentation of a psychological complex relatively autonomous and independent that we call the epigenetic function of the real (pre-rational and pre-verbal) or consciousness.

The phases of this process of bio-psycho-logical identifying can be summarized as follows. Faced with the practical needs of survival, reproduction and lactation, as well as on account of an average age of less than thirty years and a high rate of infant and post-partum women mortality, during the long pre-cultural period of time the procurement of food had to be almost exclusively male activity, while the care of the children had to be an activity almost exclusively female. In these conditions of absolute uncertainty, adaptive strategies on which our species could count were strictly those prescribed by phylogenetically inherited tendencies and possibilities, first of all those related to psycho-perceptual ability to form and imitative behavior. In the meeting with environmental pressure, in a period of well over a million years, the exercise of these trends can be formed for skills and adaptive skills to overcome behavioral stereotypy.

With the formation of the relatively autonomous and independent psychological complex that we call the epigenetic function of the real (pre-rational and pre-verbal), the world ceases to be only lived to be interpreted. Psychologically, the ability to interpret the world amounts to get out of a relationship of continuity with the external and internal (psychic) environment to project oneself out in a "somewhere else", in a time and space measurement made by the interpretation of the world and of itself. In making an I-Self distinct from an Other-than-I the world is split into a subject I-Self observing and an object Other-than-I observed, in a thesis and antithesis.

The subject-object dichotomy is the primal source of the antinomies, or pairs of opposites that refer to a polar relation (psychological tension) between a thesis (what I can see) and an antithesis (what I can not see). Since human beings began to think and feel the world in terms of subject and object (i.e from about 60,000 YBN), distinguishing themselves from Nature (epigenetic function of the real = consciousness) and ceasing to identify with it, the human communities also developed the ability to create culture. Bearing in himself the ability to choose which space and time to follow, the exercise of conscience (epigenetic function of the real) fertilizes the world giving birth to new worlds, and fertilizes individuals giving rise to new individuals. In fact, to act in the face of nature also knowing as distinct from it is to be born a second time, that is to be re-born. The leit-motiv for the rebirth permeates all human cultures and self-sustaining, systematizing (in-formed), the nascent (between 60,000 and 20,000 YBN) oral language production (for ritual use only, supported by the shaman's syllabic singing) and newborn phonemic-thought (pre-verbal).

Phylogenetically the organs and systems involved in phonation are all born for a purpose other than vocalization or singing. In the course of evolution the organs of production of breath have been set up to supply the lungs with air, the larynx appeared in mammals as a gate between the bellows and the external environment, the voice is carried to the first part of the alimentary canal, the articulation organs of the word have as a primary function to chew, the nasal cavity resonance corresponds to the respiratory tract while the soft palate has the main task of preventing the reflux of food. The luck of the human larynx as an organ of speech and sing is because of being in the bottom of a resonance tube, variable length, shape and volume: the first part of the alimentary canal. The lips, in fact, without a resonator adapted to modulate the sounds can only produce raspberries. With the transition from standing to quadrupedalism the voice channel is bent at a right angle and divided into two main resonant cavity: the mouth and throat. If the operations of lips and tongue in place by the baby to nurse are made during the release of the voice, the resonant cavity and the resulting modified sounds that cross modulations suffer so pronounced that it can be used as communication signals in the language. When this capacity of the voice channel is sum to the attitude of the larynx to produce notes in at least two octaves, the human being lies in his throat, ready to use, the instrument more flexible and expressive than its technique will be ever able to produce. These conditions allow human the spontaneous effortless and consistent production of different sounds.

It is enough, in fact, for example, push forward or pull back completely the tongue during the release of a sound to get, even unintentionally, an I and U. In this regard the behavior of the vocal cords is not unlike that of the lips, although formed to suck the milk and keep the liquid under a pressure of breath from time to time may be adequate to produce raspberries or play a wind instrument. The voice runs through the vocal channel, and this which in the mouth and pharynx extends in two large resonant cavity mouth and throat, amplifies different frequencies regions of it depending on the size and shape of the articulatory behavior imposed on them from time to time . The vowels are nothing but the glottideo sound timbre modulations generated by the larynx, while the consonants are composed mainly of transient modulations of voice, obtained with further variations of very short duration, in the form of the voice channel, given by the articulatory occlusion. For a system of signals can be used as a code in an economic way is first necessary that these (signs) are distinct and invariable.

What is required, as indeed required of vowel signs, is that they are equipped with acoustic stability. Vowel signals emitted by man meet this need and are divided into two basic vowel sounds, the U (sound closed, expired) and E (open sound, aspirated), and three vowel sounds subsidiary, A, I and O (neutral sounds, breathing). The human oral language is based on the articulation and modulation glottidea of three triplets of vowels U, I, / U, E, I / O, E, O, added to the consonant occlusions obtained with the articulatory attitudes. The singing of these vocalizations is known as overtone singing or throat singing, the apotropaic chanting of the shamans.

The psychological archetypes belonging to the human mammals imaginific territory (imaginific, a term introduced by Anton Maria Salvini, 1653-1729, from the greek eidolopoios, idolopeo, which produces images) assign a female value to what is turned inward (concave, centripetal) and a male value to what is turned outward (convex, centrifugal). For the purposes of the reproductive act the female and the male gender form the two natural factors by whose compenetration-union life is generated, according to the scheme: the concavity brings inward and contain the convexity / the convexity goes toward and is contained by the concavity; the female contain the power to generate inward to the inside, the male contain the power to generate toward to the outside; in the female prevails the strength to generate within herself / in the male prevails the strength to generate outside himself. The importance of these archetypal associations on the developing of the dynamics of human behavior is crucial since the dawn of our species.

Between the end of the Paleolithic and the end of the Neolithic Age (between about 30,000 and 10,000 YBN, transition from the totemic culture to the megalithic culture) the gradual establishment of the epigenetic function of the real (based on magic-symbolic key) and on phonemic thought (for ritual purposes) in social organization and cultural production of human communities gives an epochal shift in the following evolution of cultural productions and social organizations. During this period we see from one side the radicalization of the detachment from the primordial community identification with nature, to the benefit of an ever more effective competition with the forces of nature aimed at their domestication, and to the other side we see a gradual refinement of strategies and techniques used in the food supply.

The spread of cereal cultivation and animal husbandry (Neolithic period) triggers a process of diversification of social organization and interpretation of social roles. The amount of psychic energy (libido) earned by satisfying the increasing stabilization of the food requirements is partially removed from the performance related to reproduction and used for functions eminently sovradattive, primarily for language production and for the development and differentiation of cultural production now leaned toward the abstract and logical thinking and toward the social use of the word.

From about 15,000 years (megalithic culture) leit motiv of rebirth is contextualized in the channel of Logos by introducing a semantic hierarchy of reality in which: Nature creates, but it is only with the baptism (to assign a NEW name) that what is created is recognized as REAL. The generative power of the Word (ruah, pneuma, breath, soul / animus, prana, K'HI) enters so fully in open competition with the generative power of nature and the shamanic tradition passes from the hands of women to those of male, first Lord of the Animals, then Lord of Souls, present Lord of the atoms and of artificial insemination (strangulation of women's power to create is complete!).

On a psychological level this semantic and cultural disruption of the natural order results in a reinterpretation of the natural feminine attitude and power to generate within herself and the one of male to generate toward to the outside , with dramatic consequences on the future of women. The natural generative power of women is associated with the generative power of nature and subjected to a thorough and systematic process of domestication and subjugation.

Thinking implies that there is a psychological subject that perceives itself as a distinct individuality from its environment. The only biological system that perceives itself as a distinct individuality from its environment, it is the human animal, and not by its appearance on the planet, but from the Upper Palaeolithic onwards (from Homo Sapiens onwards). The matrix of every thought has a reflexive character. Verbal thought is not born with the psychological birth of the human individuality. The thought, as such, is a tool for mapping out the territory. The mapping out of the territory uses all six senses (The Neuro-Axial system is the sixth sense organ). Emotions are the neuro-psycho-relational support on which it develop all internal mappings of external reality.

Before the psychological birth of the human individuality, the human animal did not think, for the simple fact that, phylogenetically speaking, its adaptive strategies could easily do without the tool (reflexive) "thinking".

Before the psychological birth, the human psychic territory it was not divided between a lighted area called "conscious" and a shaded area called "unconscious."

The stereotypy behavioral, phylogenetically speaking, is not a limit, but an advantage (adaptive).

With the psychological birth, the psychic territory, pre-verbal and pre-rational, is divided into two. All the cosmogony of every era and every place, even here now, are influenced by this revolutionary splitting of the world ....... psychic.

The first form of thinking is magical. The magic is the bridge between the emotional relationship and the discriminative relationship.

The transition from magical thinking to abstract thinking is done by the interposition of symbolic thought. A symbol is NOT a metaphor! A symbol is "SURPLUS OF SENSE", exceeds, it goes beyond the sense.

Our way of thinking is bound to these three forms of thought: magical, symbolic, discriminative. Whether we like it or not.

From my point of view, the verbal thought is just the tip of the iceberg.

Until the Cambrian Era, biological evolution revolved around the development of biochemical and biophysical strategies, aimed at fulfilling energy requirements. From the Cambrian onwards a new solution amongst energy requirements started to sketch a second way for the biological colonisation of our Planet Earth: adaptation by a huge diversification of behavioural strategies.

If we adhere to Quantum Electrodynamic Theory (QED), the organization of condensed matter is realized through phase couplings. Living beings are probably formed in DNA as a laser material, and the double helix, consisting of the same bases infinitely repeated, can represent both a resonance system, and that of a coupling phase; the elementary process of Bose-Einstein Condensation can explain the diversity of living structures, the principles of eventual potential for evolution, being the true cause of dissipative structures, of lasers, excimers: as the limit phase between chaotic and ordered regime, which is coherent, every external impulse can engram a dissipative structure. So, a living system becomes the image of its environment.

In the nonlinear process of phylogenetic diversification, nerve cells or neurons play the role of receptor unit of zoological individual of tissue organisation, whose dual selective function on change of state and functional interface between innervated tissues, supports and integrates the function exerted by the catalytic cellular core (Microtubule Organizing Centre, MTOC) on energy-transfer. Cellular differentiation leads to identifying the neuron, responds to a phylogenetic request (bifurcation), which at a certain stage of evolution (Cambrian), gave a new degree of freedom to the zoological line of biological systems in their relationship with the environment: neuron-dependent behavioural relationship.

In neuron-dependent behavioral relationship, the relational mode given by couplings phase / resonance, is taken by the imitative relational module.

So, different neurological systems become the image of their environment, using different imitative modules.

There are, and there will never be, chimpanzees who speak the language of signs. There are animals that under certain conditions, and under the action of specific constraints, are induced to use behavioral patterns and relationships, which they will never use in their natural environment. Imitate does not mean "perceives itself as a distinct individuality from its environment."

The intrinsically vibrational identity of physical reality to which we belong, implies that the relations between physical objects maintain a universal relational module based on interference phenomena between oscillating systems, regardless of the electrodynamics variety (matter fields and wave fields) or thermodynamics (gas, liquid, solid) to which they belong.

At any level it is considered, the physical reality is characterized by an uninterrupted and multi-dimensional series of phase transitions, where the phase is the parameter which characterizes the dynamics of a phenomenon, both in relation to its temporal trend as well in relation to its oscillatory properties that is its vibrational configuration.

The transition from the liquid state to the gaseous or solid state of the water, as well as the transition of an electron from one resonance orbit to another in an atom, correspond to as many phase transitions, or state transitions, where each phase or state corresponds to a different energy level, a different vibrational configuration and a different interference register .

The transition from inanimate matter to the state of living matter (biological) also represents a phase transition, as well as the transition from single-celled populations of the Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian multicellular populations, the transition from one zoological line to another and so on.

The circadian and circannual cycles (the alternation of day and night, the seasonal changes), but also the transformations that accompany physiological processes, rather than the transformation of a physiological process in a disease process, are marked by phase transitions.

When the trajectory described by the becoming of a dynamic system is going to be deflected by a phase transition, for a while the system itself is to be in a state at the phase boundary, a bifurcation point beyond which the system changes, partly or wholly, in a reversible or irreversible, its formal and / or vibrational identity .

The water, for example, remains always water, so in the liquid state, as into solid or gaseous state. The bifurcation point that marks its ordinary phase transitions gives rise to a partial and reversible transformation.

If, however, with a simple chemical process of electrolysis, we separate the two hydrogen atoms from the atom of oxygen, which together make up a water molecule, here is that the water ceases to exist as such. This suggests that is not enough to have two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom to obtain the element water. You have that between them will also establish a certain type of bond and for this to happen the atoms involved must be able to interact under certain conditions, conditions that can not be understood by adopting the method of linear and reductionist physics and classical biology.

This applies both to the formation of a water molecule as for the formation of atoms that compose it.

An atom, in fact, is an almost empty space, occupied for the most part by a system of interactions between subatomic wave-particles, in turn constituted by a system of interactions between quanta of energy, in turn constituted by a system of interference between oscillatory frequencies.

According to QED the fundamental and crucial role in structuring condensed-matter (liquids and solids) is occupied by resonance phenomena or oscillatory phase concordance between oscillating systems.

The resonance phenomena, introduce a cause of perturbation on the vibrational-tensor background environment (vacuum), creating spatio-temporal basins affected by flows of coherent oscillators (where prevails the coupling phase), and basins affected by flows of non-coherent oscillators (where prevails the phase mismatching).

The universality and centrality of resonance phenomena in the structuring of energy-matter has found endless examples of, both at the micro meso and macroscopic level, and surprising applications in many fields, from the physics of superconductors to spintronics, from nanotechnology to quantum biology .

A particularly important role in the context of this research and applications is reserved to the study of particular behaviors related to resonance phenomena (phase coupling → coherence) such as the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) for a bosonic gas, the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer condensate(BCS) for a fermionic gas, Fröhlich condensates for proteins and nucleic acids, and soliton waves (solitons) generated by the interaction between the vibrations of NH groups of protein molecules and the hydrogen bonds [interaction of the vibrations of NH-groups (amide I vibrations) of protein molecules with hydrogen bonds].

These as well as other observations (Prigonine, Varela, Maturana, Penrose, Hameroff, Preparata, Del Giudice, Vitiello and many others), both theoretical and experimental, consistently show that from functional and structural point of view all biological systems, from the simplest to the most complex, are organized, for adaptive purposes, in order to respond, as a fundamental priority, to the need for "interferential efficacy ", imposed by the macroscopic independent variables (geo-environmental → terrestrial resonant cavity) and microscopic (bio-environmental → subcellular and cellular resonant cavities).

At the macroscopic level the environment (milieau) aquatic, aerial, and terrestrial, as well as the cosmological environment, determine the contingent limits and possibilities to the explication of the possibility to generate interference (transfer of energy from an oscillating system to another) conveyed by gene-environment, and corresponding to as many vibrational environments endowed with their peculiar oscillation frequency.

One of the ways for this explication to take place, is on the acoustic plane, and in animals results in an acoustic-musical attitude and in the structures to support it. All anatomical and functional systems responsible for issuing detailed scans with sound coherence (signals) are all vibrational environments, configured as cavity resonators.

The circumstantial emission of sound scan by an animal, considered in its natural habitat, corresponds to a signal, a complex sound with coherence (rhythm and timbre of their own) that through the in-formation of soundconsonance and dissonance , sets an adaptive relationship of interference with other animals, and with the acoustic qualities of its vibrational environment of belonging.

To indicate the acoustical quality of the environment, either natural or created by man, the Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer (1977) coined the term soundscape. Another musician, Bernard L. Krause, in 1993 advanced the hypothesis of the niche (the niche hypothesis) or ecological soundscape. Based on environmental recordings made in various parts of the world, Krause showed how the sounds made by various animals, eg. the songs of the birds, have developed over time in ways totally interconnected and functional, to the acoustic environment of belonging, through a deep acoustic integration process with it.

In conclusion, to relate to their environment, animals, including all generations of the animal "homo" until homo sapiens, has no need to distinguish between an inside and an outside: the dynamics of interference have a extraordinary adaptive value!

All biological systems are in a relationship of continuity (!) with their environment! A biological system "is" its environment.

The distinction between inside and outside, was born with the psychological birth of homo sapiens.

And the verbal thought did the rest.

The neuron is originally a cell called upon to perform receptor functions, specialised in translating , upon kinematic similarity, the chemical and physical state variations of the environment, in spatial and temporal neuro-electromagnetic phase correlation. Interfacing with its mass and energy free dimension, this neuron activity, with a specific spatial orientation and existing in a specific temporal fraction, is elaborated and stabilised, for dynamic similarity, in mnesic precipitates (mnem) of correlative spatial-temporal maps, or sensory maps , and by geometrical similarity in spatial configurations of specific neurons, or neuronal maps (somatotopic maps). Modification of wave field component associated with changes of neuron-electromagnetic phase correlations, stimulus-dependent, assumes relational significance in the memorisation process , which consists of a specific stabilisation of the sensory-maps carrier of a specific spatial-temporal ability to generate interference.

This neuronal activity is common to all animals, but it has nothing to do with the activity of thinking, nor with consciousness.

With mammals, this background activity is integrated by the introduction of a new temporal dimension between the individual and the environment, a temporal dimension of psycho-perceptual activity, and a new relational mode, which allows the individual to perceive and produce physical mass and energy free objects (relativistic), images. In mammals the neuraxial system becomes a system that allowes them to interfere with their environement on the time domaine (i.e. mass is energy compressed in the space domaine).

Still, psycho-perceptual activity has nothing to do with the activity of thinking, nor with consciousness.

With the psychological birth of human individuality, psycho-perceptual activity is integrated by the activity of thinking. The activity of thinking, or mental activity, consists of a specific stabilization of images-maps carrier of a specific temporal (relativistic) ability to generate interference. Now on, humans start to produce different behavioural pattern based on the stabilization of different images-maps. This yes has to do with consiousness.

In conclusion, verbal thought is a particular behavioural pattern based on the stabilization of different images-maps.

The activity of thinking and consciousness are issues that concern our humanity. I do believe they originate from the psychological birth of the human individuality, but not before 150-200 million years ago. Verbal thought is much more recent. The psycho-perceptual activity is the pre-requisite on which, in humans, it engages the activity of thought and consciousness.

Of course, many faculties and functions are foreshadowed in previous dynamics. But this does not detract that they should be considered on two different planes.

While there are many theories out there, I don't think the most basic theory has been fully expressed yet.

There are none.

In other words, asking whether the brain has evolved structures specific to reading is like asking if the brain has evolved structures specific to riding horses or designing aircraft.

Learning to read is learning to read. In our quest for genetic foundations of human abilities, we seem to discard too quickly the possibility that a behavior can be learned, even complex behaviors. Chasing the brain structure and genetic code responsible for a behavior is what attracts grant money and news paper articles. But learning used to be considered the mechanism responsible for behavior acquisition, and the specific learning process used to be the subject of analysis. Learning to read is not exactly like learning to ride a horse or learning aircraft design, but they are all learned.

While tossing out the "language is learned" theory became rather popular earlier than the quest for brain structures and genetic codes, the "language module" approach is for language in general, and not necessarily reading.

For most of human history, most humans have been illiterate. Most humans to this day spend very little time reading or writing, even college graduates living in wealthy nations. So the idea that there may be an evolved brain structure for a process that very few people have ever done, and that very few people ever exercise much, may be rather odd.

After all, most humans who ever lived never rode a horse. And most humans who have learned to ride a horse did not spend a tremendous amount of time riding a horse, especially the recreational equestrians of today.

I am not claiming that this theory is the right theory. But I think that it deserves full expression given the historical evidence, Reading has not been around for very long. For most of the time since it was invented, a very, very small portion of the population could read. In many societies, this is still true. In many more, it was true until the 19th century. In all modern societies, reading is a skill used for a very small portion of time, or not at all, for many people.

If you have taught university students, people who are perhaps in the stage of their lives where they are expected to read the most, and are given the time to read, you may suspect that very many of them read as little as possible.A recent study by the Spanish government found (by self-report) that about 35% of the population never or hardly ever read books. Of those who do read books, they reported reading about 9 books a year on average. In contrast, the people of Finland who read books report reading 47 books per year on average. http://tinyurl.com/ny9zaf2Does this suggest that Finns are genetically differentially disposed toward reading compared to Spaniards? Or is the difference in reading linked the difference in weather between the two countries?So let us remember that using expensive machines to find brain regions that are specifically activated in subjects during the reading process requires using subjects who can read.