Give your views about rapidly developing resistance against many antimicrobial agents.
Your question comprises a huge, huge topic.
Antibiotic resistance is a natural and evolutionary event mainly caused by antibiotic misuse and abuse leading to selective pressure.
Emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms largely depend on many factors such as the type of bacteria (gram-positive or -negative, and the genus-species), the source (community- vs hospital-acquired), and the geographical area.
Among multidrug-resistant bacteria, the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pose the greatest threat to public health generally causing hospital-acquired infections. Other important pathogens with increasing resistance are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Helicobacter pylori.
Bacterial resistance epidemiology dramatically varies from region to region worldwide and some genetic resistance determinants are endemic to some areas and favored by specific factors. Plasmids and integrative and conjugative elements play a major role for the transmission of resistance mechanisms.
In the last decades, clones of multidrug-resistant bacteria have been described worldwide. These clones carry genetic resistance determinants and virulence factors, and are associated with transmission success.
Here you can take a look of general aspects of multidrug antibiotic resistance and the importance of combined efforts of antibiotic stewardship and infection control to optimize antibiotic use and mitigate antibiotic resistance:
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00059-12
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30386-3
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today.
Antibiotic resistance can affect anyone, of any age, in any country.
Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process.
A growing number of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhoea – are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective.
Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs and increased mortality. {WHO}
Dear Deepak,
As Margaret Chan (WHO) well said in 2012, we are witnessing the decline of modern medicine as we know it today. Of course because of the resistance that seriously threatens our future.
More and more resistant strains of acinetobacter are resistant to all antibiotics except colistin for example,
The bacteria have a good lead over us, they have the ability to adapt quickly to any new antibiotic molecule. Unfortunately, the development of new antibiotics does not follow this terrible evolution of resistance. The pharmaceutical industries are producing fewer and fewer antibiotics.
Best regards
Hocine
Well, you talk about very broad subject and do not specify something.Antibiotic resistance increases every day due to many reasons and incorrect doses of antibiotics and oral supplementation of small doses , leaving small population of microbes that can regrow again in a mutated forms with thickning of cell wall or in a curing forms regarding genetic linkages of the antibiotic resistance ability. Antibiotic resistance genes can be trnsmitted within microorganisms such as MRSA and VRSA whch were found to be linked with enterococci genomes.
Thank you everybody for their prompt responses.
Actually I wanted to discuss the social aspects of antimirobial resistance.
Specially in developing countries, Antibiotic resistance develops due to inadequate dose and duration of the drugs. They are available easily even without prescriptions. Once resistant bacteria emerge, they spread rapidly in community.
Drug-resistance infections occur when pathogens change in ways that render antimicrobial drugs ineffective . The recent G-20 Summit Communique in September,2016 succinctly underscored this point (Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to public health, growth, and global economic stability. As a result, the pathogens survive and continue to spread. When infections are treatable with antimicrobial s, people can not ready contained. This has saved hundreds of millions of lives since wide use of these miracle drugs started over 70 years ago. Loss of drug-effectiveness because of AMR is increasing in both developing and developed countries. AMR impacts would be felt across all economic sectors. Increased global cooperation is essential as AMR contaiment is a global public good. It wil require coordinated efforts to monitor, regulate, and reduce the use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials.
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