There are several academic sources that delve into how major theories have interpreted psychological disorders from a diagnostic perspective:

1. Theories of Psychopathology: Introduction to a Special Section-This article discusses the state of theory in the field of psychopathology and emphasizes the need for novel, falsifiable theories to replace the often unchallenged biopsychosocial model.

https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2023-67353-001.html

2. What is a Mental Disorder? A Perspective from Cognitive-Affective Science- This paper explores the conceptual questions surrounding the definition of mental disorders, particularly in the context of psychiatric nosology and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Article What Is a Mental Disorder? A Perspective From Cognitive-Affe...

These sources should provide a comprehensive look at how different theories have approached the diagnosis and understanding of psychological disorders.

You may be interested to know about my recent book, Traumatic Experiences of Normal Development: An Intersubjective, Object Relations Listening Perspective on Self, Attachment, Trauma, and Reality, published by Routledge in 2020 and also available from Amazon.

It is about a new understanding of what trauma and attachment are, so we can be better prepared to understand and work with them. It provides a basis of attunement and intervening with adults, children, individuals, and couples that can be applied with various therapeutic orientations and diagnostic categories including borderline and narcissistic. While it is geared to a professional audience, people with some psychological/psychoanalytic background might also find it approachable.

It presents a psychoanalytic and attachment-based perspective on trauma entailing a reconstruction of object relations, an integration with relational and intersubjective approaches, and their intersection with a redefinition of trauma, as well as a recognition of how those experiences manifest in the body. It considers traumatic incidents of all kinds and examines how those experiences also have roots in normal development and how they are significant factors in the development and persistence of such things as addictions, eating disorders, affairs/infidelities, and relational patterns. It addresses our understanding of anxiety, depression, crisis, trauma, and the relationships between present and past experiences. It presents a frame of reference, a listening stance, which helps us to understand more deeply the roots of how individuals uniquely process the events they are confronted with and how we can be more effective in helping them.

My work and interests take me in a humanistic direction, which is a little more critical of psychopathology as an enterprise. Some of the following might be interesting:

Bland, A.M. (2022) “A 15-Year Progress Report on the Presence of Humanistic & Existential Psychology Principles in Mental Health Outcome Measurement - Thematic Discourse and Summative Content Analyses,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221077475.

Cooke, A. and Kinderman, P. (2018) “‘But What About Real Mental Illnesses?’ Alternatives to the Disease Model Approach to ‘Schizophrenia,’” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(1), pp. 47–71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817745621.

Myers, L.J. et al. (2022) “The Necessity of an Emic Paradigm in Psychology,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 62(4), pp. 488–515. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211048568.

Pridmore, S. (2014) “Mental disorder and suicide: A faulty connection,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1–3. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414548904.

Quinn, A. (2011) “A person-centered approach to the treatment of borderline personality disorder,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51(4), pp. 465–491. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167811399764.

There's also something called the Power Threat Meaning Framework, which is a growing attempt to explore psychological distress beyond the medical model. If you Google that you'll find some helpful resources.

Different theoretical approaches are used to identify and treat psychological disorders. The biological view says that illnesses are caused by things in the body like genes, brain chemistry, and neurological problems. From this point of view, brain scans, genetic tests, medical models, and neurotransmitter analysis are used. From Freud's psychodynamic point of view, mental disorders are thought to come from unconscious conflicts, bad situations in childhood, and repressed feelings. Psychoanalysis, free association, dream analysis, and looking into past pain are all used in this way of thinking. The behavioural view concerns learnt behaviours and training more than biological or internal thoughts. From this point of view, dysfunctional thinking patterns and cognitive distortions can be found using cognitive assessments, self-report surveys, and thought records. The humanistic view is based on personal growth, self-actualisation, and free will. It says that mental disorders happen when the potential is blocked , and the picture of the self is not in line with the ideal self. The sociocultural view looks at how social, cultural, and environmental factors can cause mental illnesses. From this point of view, cultural context, social support systems, and societal effects are all examined. From an evolutionary point of view, some mental illnesses may have evolved to help humans or may have been adaptations that are now not so good. From this point of view, we look at how symptoms might have helped people survive in their ancestral settings. The biopsychosocial model takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors to give a complete picture of mental illnesses. This method uses many different tests, like medical history, psychological tests, and environmental research, to get a full picture of a person. Each point of view helps us understand psychological disorders more completely and affects how they are identified and treated.