The idea of a real temporal axis is called in question by the relative time. This contradiction made a mess into the modern understanding of time, as one of the basic physical quantities.
Time may be explained by many people in many different ways. My understanding stems from a foundational view that lacks acceptance.
Time seems like something real that continually flows. This happens because our understandings of the real world can be understood nicely with this view. Some phenomena require an altered or local view of time. In the end, time is an imaginary invented concept that helps to explain phenomena. It is often looked at in a local sense. This helps to avoid some paradoxes.
There is a different way of viewing gravity that relates directly to the flow of time. Normally, mass is considered to cause gravity in some fashion, and gravity in turn causes gravitational time dilation. This is not a causal view because the causal view offends our sensibilities. Consider mass to slow the adjacent fabric of space. This slowness (time dilation) propagates outward in the fabric of space. The gradient of the time dilation produces what we know as gravity.
What speeds up the fabric of space to counter the slowing caused by mass? The answer is nothing speeds it back up. Time as we know it slows everywhere in the universe at the same rate. The extreme smallness combined with symmetrical slowing makes detection nearly impossible. The modified gravity exhibited in spiral galaxies may be a detection of the slowing. This slowing counters the need for dark matter.
These views present several issues that likely preclude their acceptance. The assumption of a fabric of space seems contrary to SR. Many still believe that the M-M experiment precludes a fabric of space. Perhaps even more importance comes from our understanding of physics. A large portion of our physical laws incorporate time in some fashion. GR uses time as a dimension making time's local stability paramount.
I do not advocate the adoption of this view of time. It is destined to gather dust.
Richard Marker
Thank you for the presentation of the main current views concerning space and time. Out of my expectation, it is too long, and so inconvenient for the direct comments of each of them. Instead, I recommend you to compare them with the article attached above. Then we may discuss one by one.
Branko V. Mišković,
Thank you for your offer of communicating. Your topic has appeal. I posted mainly with the hope of others offering a synopsis of their views.
Rich
Quote: "Time seems like something real that continually flows."
This concept has been explored more than once by many researchers.
It is analyzed in depth in the second part of this article, with references to these researchers works:
Article Our Electromagnetic Universe (Expanded republication PI)
time is a scale invariant dynamic operator as per our paper -> Preprint what is "Time"? A scale invariant dynamic operator, operatin...
In order to stimulate me to see your papers, please say something directly in the replies.
Why not time be the real continual flowing? For instance, of the cosmic matter - from the past into future, along the fourth axis.
i said its definition. its scale invariant, meaning the Hubble constant experiences ( the universe ) the operator as the plank and sub plank units ( quantum ) also experience the operator. the operator is like the definition of momentum or velocity or some other operator, so, thusly if you read the paper, you would already be aware that time, is a scale invariant dynamic operator. what your describing about "flow" is literally what we are talking about. please look up your nomenclature as i literally defined what your refereeing to.
The notion of time from everyday use, not completely perceived by our senses, you try to explain by the very abstract mathematical speculation. The explanation of something, not completely seen or understood, just means the completion of its image and its reduction to the notions already well-known. My approach, attached in the beginning, is just thus oriented. Try, please, to read it.
Time is an ocean of immaterial energy, in which all material fields and material bodies are immersed. Everything material is a product of materialization (a materialized state) of the corresponding energies of the immaterial (energy) world. The immaterial (energy) world has a fractal structure, where each material field (body) is a fragment of the Infinity Fractal. The fractality of spatial formations is reflected in the works of Mandelbrot, the fractality of Time is clearly shown in the works of the Russian biophysicist Shnoll. In Einstein's GTR, the problem of fractality of space-time is not specifically considered, but the universality of the mathematical apparatus of GTR allows it to be used in various situations --- from the study of particle motion to the Space of the Universe itself. It is generally accepted that GTR supposedly prohibits movements at superluminal speeds, and even more so instantaneous movements (teleportation). But this problem can be solved by expanding the mathematical base of GTR. Obviously, the theory should be based on the results of experiments (observations). But it is also obvious that if a theory cannot explain experimental data, then its basis must be expanded or built anew. In this case, it is enough to expand the mathematical basis of GTR by allowing the condition g = 0, where g is the determinant of the metric tensor. In this case, using Zelmanov's theory of physical observables, it is easy to show that observed time can 1) propagate instantly; 2) with the speed of +c into the past, 3) with the speed of ‒c into the future. These theoretical conclusions were confirmed back in the 1970s by the Pulkovo astronomer Kozyrev back in the 1970s. Biophysicist Shnoll personally observed that in the region of the planet's North Pole, observed time stops.
“…The idea of a real temporal axis is called in question by the relative time. This contradiction made a mess into the modern understanding of time, as one of the basic physical quantities.…..”
- yeah, that is so in mainstream physics; and that is logically inevitable consequence from that in mainstream philosophy and sciences, including physics, all really fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all in this case “Matter”– and so everything in Matter, i.e. “particles”, “fundamental Nature forces” – and so “fields”, etc., “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, are fundamentally completely transcendent/uncertain/irrational, and so in every case when the mainstream addresses to any really fundamental problem, then result is completely inevitably is transcendent/mystic something.
Including, say, indeed in completely direct and rigorous accordance with two main the SR postulates (i) – that there is no absolute Matter’s spacetime, and (ii) – that so all/every inertial reference frames are absolutely really equally equivalent and legitimate,
- completely directly, rigorously and unambiguously it follows that if there are a number, say, N, of the frames, then absolutely really there exist N different “relative times”,
- and N different spaces and differently, say, “contracted”, Matters, though.
What looks as is rather strange at least that really only one Matter exists seems is evident for any normal human.
The fundamental phenomena/notions above, and not only, can be, and are, rigorously scientifically defined only in framework of the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s really philosophical 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, recent version of the basic paper see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363645560_The_Information_as_Absolute_-_2022_ed
More concretely in physics “Matter” [and so a lot of things in Matter, i.e. “particles”, “fundamental Nature forces” – and so “fields”, etc.] “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, are defined in the Shevchenko-Tokarevsky’s Planck scale informational physical model, 3 main papers are
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354418793_The_Informational_Conception_and_the_Base_of_Physics,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367397025_The_Informational_Physical_Model_and_Fundamental_Problems_in_Physicssection 6. “Mediation of the fundamental forces in complex systems”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369357747_The_informational_model_-Nuclear_Force
Including in the model it is clarified why the Matter’s fundamentally unique absolute [that completely rigorously scientifically follows by the Proof by contradiction from the evidently strange consequences that follow from the SR postulates above] spacetime is as the fundamentally flat, fundamentally continuous, and fundamentally “Cartesian”, (at least) [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (at least) (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct).
In the metrics above the cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,dimensions are the space dimensions, while ct-dimension is just real, and unique universal for everything time dimensions, where everything appears if is created in some ctmoment, and absolutely obligatorily moves in this dimensions at every change – simultaneously in parallel with any other motions – in space, energy, etc..
Since because of the really extremely mighty Galileo-Poincaré relativity principle the motion in absolute space and time aren’t observable in mainstream physic till now, in physics - and everyday humans’, though – practice isn’t observed, so in the mainstream the really specific space cτ-dimension is used as the time dimension, which just so is “relative time(s)”, but in everyday practice that isn’t essential because the relativity principle.
Nonetheless the absolute motion with well non-zero probability can be observed and absolute velocity of the Sun system can be measured, more see proposed yet in 2013-2016 experiments in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259463954_Measurement_of_the_absolute_speed_is_possible
More see the links above, a couple of SS posts in https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_you_think_Smolins_real_time_hypothesis_is_a_bad_attempts_or_paradigm_of_reconcukiation_of_physics_and_philosophy_or_proof_of_its_imposibility and links in the posts are relevant to this thread question.
Cheers
Let us return to the time determined by the matter motion along the fourth axis. The ratio of the distance and speed of the mutual motion away of two celestial bodies understands a unique cosmic age, or the absolute time. The temporal axis (ct) indicates the speed of this motion equal to that of light, e.g. in Einstein's equation. The projection into 3D is manifest by the cosmic expansion, depending on the axis shape.
As the attraction of the parallel flows, gravitation acts through 3D. This transverse force is curving temporal axis, with saving of respective speed (c). The triangle of the two motions gives:
(mv)2 + (moc)2 = (mc)2
Its resolution gives the mass-function against speed (v).
Of course, this is the local sum, in the tangential 4D space. The two speeds are added in the global spherical coordinates:
v2 + c2 (=) c2
(As if, SRT ascribed the speed c to light at 3D). Irrespective of a particular spatial speed (v), the universal temporal motion is saved. The perception of time is restricted to the sequence of present instants, without vision of the past or future.
More details in 'Curvilinear Cosmology', given in the beginning.
Time is a sequence of an infinite number of moments of the "present" located between the past and the future of a material observer. The materialization of events for each material observer occurs at each moment of time (instantaneously), therefore each past moment refers to the observer's past, and each subsequent moment refers to his future. In other words, our life in the material world is a set of the moments of materialization of the energy of Time. Our perception of the surrounding world is "conical", where the apex of the cone is the moment of the "present", which is the result of the materialization of the moment of the "future", instantly passing into the "past".
In Zelmanov's theory of physical observable quantities in General Relativity, it is shown that the proper time of an observer in the framework of General Relativity is completely determined by the magnitude of the gravitational potential and the speed of rotation of the physical space at the point of observation. So our perception of the "present" moment of time is the result of the materialization of the moments of the future and the past. The main energies of the Universe for material bodies arise from gravitational fields and rotation fields, but not deformation of space. Deformation is secondary, since it is associated with the non-stationarity of the three-dimensional space. But the human life span is so short that we are unable to observe thensigns of non-stationarity of the three-dimensional space of the Universe. But we can record the gravitational influence of cosmic bodies and their rotation on our instruments and our perception. Thus, Galileo's principle demonstrates the gravitational influence of the potential of the Centre of the Earth on a material body located in its field.
The thread question is scientifically answered in SS post on page 1.
Recent SS posts in https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is-time-an-illusion#view=66db85efca21cce7650069ca/106/107/105/103/102/103/102/103/106/107/103/102/103/102/107/107, page 108, are relevant to this thread question.
Cheers
Though unavoidable in all physical processes and everyday events, time is problematic for the inability of the free motion along respective axis, as well as of the direct insights into the past and future. The former difficulty may be ascribed to forcible motion of matter along t-axis (ct), as the condition of its existence. 'There is no motion without matter, nor the matter without motion'. With respect to the transverse propagation of light, through 3D space, the perception of time is in the experience restricted to the sequence of the present instants.
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