I am working on synthesis of graphene. I have studied almost every paper in which sonication is done but the authors haven't mentioned the type of sonication used. Should I go for mechanical sonication or chemical sonication?
My experience on graphene oxide dispersions has shown me that 1-1,5h sonication could give you a sufficient solution of GO. I have also noticed that it is important to shake the solution every 10-15 min, during sonication. It is important to consider the solvent and the sonication power you use. In particular, sonic probe focusses the power at much smaller volume and you should be very careful, because too much sonication may increase the number of defects in graphene plane.
You can just use the mechanical sonication bath (not probe sonication) and sonicate graphite crystallites (mechanically and manually obtained from HOPG by means of blade) for 100 hours. That should work. As a solvent you can use DMF or NMP (N-methyl-pyrolidine).
The tendency of solvent molecule insertion into graphite is the main factor that yields exfoliated of graphite. Generally, low power sonication can do the job if you select the right solvent. However, to truly confirm if it is graphene or not, TEM, Raman or AFM measurements are required.
Prof. Stengl has published the most sophisticated research about ultrasonic graphene synthesis. His methods are used today for industrial production of graphene.
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