There is victory of mediocrity over talents, there is the vector of pushing talents out in some countries. Dictatorship of mediocrity causes the country to intellectual impoverishment. Talented people create surplus value not by natural resources but their intellect.To leave own country is a question of moral choice. There are public, professional, family life and a human being chooses. I know some reasons for abandon the native country- security, health, education, tenure, corruption, low quality of products, unfair prejudice, freedoms, the syndrome of janitor (intolerance, disrespect to others), cads, and negative, negative...Eternal stress. A human being does his work well, he doesn't steal, he doesn't take bribes- surely he wants to live, but not survive. Other state respects this person, his intellectual and moral qualities, creates the conditions for human realization   Why should the products of his work belong to his own country?

SCIENTIFIC DIASPORA AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA is an interesting article about this issue!

For the last two decades, the conception about the migration of skills has evolved, putting stronger emphasis on brain gain, which is based on the idea that the expatriate skilled population may be considered as a potential asset instead of a definite loss. The scientists and engineers abroad appear as human resources educated, trained through professional practice, and employed in much better conditions than those the country of origin could have provided to them. If such a country is able to use these resources largely shaped through others� investments, it would then gain a lot. There are two ways to implement the brain gain: either through the return of the expatriates to the country of origin (return option) or through their remote mobilization and association to its development (diaspora option).

http://www.unesco.org/most/meyer.htm

Dear Ljubomir,

You touched upon a very important topic. The scientific diaspora has the immense potential and power to contribute significantly to value creation in the motherland. Some of the recent initiatives I have been involved with has come from some governements who are really serious about taping into this potential. It is comforting to see that they finally recognise the potential scientific and economic leverage of such diaspora. Consequently, they are creating international multidicsicplinary networks through their consulates with the view of identifying where their scientists are located? what is their area of expertise? which organisations they work for?...etc

I think the idea is not not so much to rapatriate them, but to collaborate with them  and engage in projects of different kinds. So I think that is a great initiative, expecially that it has the potential to create  win-win situations. The adoptive countries also benefit scientifically and economically.

Yes, this is an interesting article and I do agree with the conclusions.

Derived from the Greek, ‘diaspora’ is defined as ‘the breaking up and scattering of a people’ or those ‘settled far from their ancestral homelands’. Words such as ‘citizens of national origin’, ‘non-residents’, ‘second generation’ and ‘labor migrants’ are sometimes used anonymously with the term diaspora.

The science, technology, and innovation (STI) diaspora remains a vastly untapped resource. Governments, research and educational institutions and professional organizations, can each do more to make the most of the ties  for  the benefit of their homeland.

Friends, allow me to place my related thread.  May I say that with globalization, there's more manifestation of DIASPORA? From my country, many scientists and professionals have migrated to UK, Australia, Singapore.  Some are still Malaysian citizens.  Many contribute to their families in the homeland.  On RG, we have so many of the global citizens originating from India and China.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/As_researchers_or_scientists_should_we_contribute_to_or_prevent_the_brain_drain

Even United States take care about - Networks of Diasporas in Engineering and Science (NODES)!

http://www.state.gov/e/stas/c57937.htm

http://diasporaalliance.org/

Dear Prof Ljubomir, your countryman, Prof Dragan Pavlovic is now residing in Paris, France, right?  Would that be a modern day Serb who's one of the Diaspora group?  And Ouyang has told me once that he's a 'product of emigration', working now in University of Liverpool, UK.  I believe I remember it correctly.  Here is Ouyang's profile.  (I hope and believe that Serbia will be lifted up from economic doldrums, sooner than you think.  Thanks.)

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Huajiang_Ouyang

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dragan_Pavlovic

Dear Ljubomir, starting from Ulysses, we are always leave and return back to motherland!

But now we face a serious brain drain problem.

As for the give-back, I am not so excited in modern times, since in most of the cases scientists create a separated from Greece path and do not care about...

The case of Werner von Braun is interesting in the history of the U.S. During World War II, von Braun researched rocketry for Nazi Germany.  When it became evident that von Braun had more interest in the progress of rocketry than in the progress of the Third Reich, he lost Hitler´s favor.  As the war was winding down to its conclusion and it appeared that Hitler would have to capitulate, von Braun and 500 other rocket scientists of his circle emigrated to the U.S. Von Braun became a U.S. citizen, was pardoned for collaboration with the Nazis using slave labor, and started researching for U.S. rocket science.  Objectively speaking, von Braun´s case displays no little opportunism and cynicism on his part and on the part of the U.S. I guess that this is the price of war.

Another more idealist case is that of Albert Einstein, one of the greatest 20th century physicists, who in 1933 emigrated to the US after winning the Nobel Prize and seeking refuge from Nazi persecution.  Although his private correspondence contains a letter to Pres. F. D. Roosevelt advocating development of the atom bomb, in the post-WWII period he favored nuclear disarmament. I can conceive of no benefits accrued to von Braun´s and Einstein's motherland of Germany other than raising considerable respect for its scientific establishment, which bred such outstanding scientists.

In India, the great contribution and vision of Dr. Bhabha is well known to serve the motherland.

Colombian government began to recognise the importance of science and technology related activities for socioeconomic development only at the end of the 1980s, leading to the formulation and implementation of major policies in this area. Still, the lack of interest in building a long-term national scientific policy suggested that science and technology was not a top priority for the country. At this time, Colombian policies to link the competences of its scientists and skilled professionals based abroad with the home country were limited to the establishment of strategies to encourage their physical return, and taken as a whole this policy was not successful. Diverse incentives were offered by the government to Colombian returnees trying to ensure their sustained return, but the conditions in terms of infrastructure and suitable environment enabling them to reveal strongly that their accumulated skills and knowledge gained abroad were not satisfactory, with the result that many of them decided to leave, again attracted by better professional prospects in research and academic institutions abroad. 

http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/200514/files/TEJADA-INSCITED-June2013.pdf

Diaspora scientists, experts and other professionals do not live detached from their motherland any more. They are directly or indirectly involved in offering their expertise to their motherland and creating a connection and linkage between scientists of foreign countries to their motherland to foster the development of science and education in their country. In fact not only scientists who contribute tremendously to their motherland but other diaspora professionals as well in the economic and tourism developments and introducing their mother land to the outside world.

I know for example diaspora Ethiopian mathematicians seldom organize international mathematical conferences to be held in Ethiopia to inspire the young and foster the learning of mathematics in the society. Health and other professionals do the same thing. Therefore diaspora is no more a lost case to a country but an extension of a contributing and changing force.

There has been an increasing awareness in the past handful of years that there are several ways in which diasporas can stimulate economic development in their homelands. Still, a focus on their role in economic development is recent and the state of knowledge is far from systematic. 

There is a range of disapora mechanisms identified in the literature. Orozco provides one of the broadest descriptions of diaspora impacts on economic development listing five “Ts” associated with diasporas: tourism, transportation, telecommunications, trade (nostalgic), and the transmission of monetary remittances.

Johnson and Sedaca categorize diaspora mechanisms under remittances, business investment, investment instruments, and knowledge transfer

I think that a scientific diaspora should be from inboard and abroad of the country. The abroad one is already busy with their professional life and projects, their social being largely different from the motherland one, the familial status of their children etc... Very difficult to ask them to return to their native country and begin another life. May be they could be associated to some advices from technical or technological needs if their agenda is not so busy. However I don't think that they could organize their time and work exclusively for some projects in their native countries. It is more relevant to these countries to attract their inboard diaspora from living abroad and work for their stability. And manage them smartly for the benefit of their societies. The abroad one is not lost but couldn't be able to built somethings from outside.

There is victory of mediocrity over talents, there is the vector of pushing talents out in some countries. Dictatorship of mediocrity causes the country to intellectual impoverishment. Talented people create surplus value not by natural resources but their intellect.To leave own country is a question of moral choice. There are public, professional, family life and a human being chooses. I know some reasons for abandon the native country- security, health, education, tenure, corruption, low quality of products, unfair prejudice, freedoms, the syndrome of janitor (intolerance, disrespect to others), cads, and negative, negative...Eternal stress. A human being does his work well, he doesn't steal, he doesn't take bribes- surely he wants to live, but not survive. Other state respects this person, his intellectual and moral qualities, creates the conditions for human realization   Why should the products of his work belong to his own country?

Dear all, in Italy this is called "the brain drain." This term indicates emigration to foreign countries of talented people and high professional specialization. This term refers to the so-called "human capital", recalls that of "capital flight", the economic disinvestment from non favorable to the company. The phenomenon is generally seen with concern because it threatens to slow the progress of cultural, technological and economic development of countries from which the flight takes place, to make it difficult for the same parts of the class teacher. In Italy, like in other countries,  this phenomenon is mainly due to the financial constraints that prevent the recruitment of new researchers.

The fact that young graduates and new Ph.D. people go to work in universities and research centers of other nations is physiological, nowadays, because inherent to the strong current globalization of research. The major research centers attract brilliant people from all over the world. The mobility of researchers is a common phenomenon since the dawn of the universities and of itself a factor of cultural enrichment and professional, because research knows no borders. The problem comes when the balance among the scholars who leave a country and those who return there or move is negative.

However, I do not like this term because it would appear that only those who travel abroad have a brain to sell while those who manage to stay are just poor fools.

I love Irina's answer: some of her phrases are lapidary (vector of pushing talents out, dictatorship of mediocrity), and she has a capacity for looking at the emigré's psychology from within him. Congratulations, dear Irina, on your perspicacity!

Dear All, In India too it is called brain Drain and/or skill migration. One of the study results are shown in attached links in detail. 

http://cooperation.epfl.ch/page-64287-en.html

Dear Irina, 

Well said. 

Dear Ljubomir,

Dear All,

The best specialists, the deepest thinkers of our nation had left and are leaving their motherland. This is a sad tradition which is continually accelerating. As to their power and concerns on their ex-homeland? I have no idea about it. Cunning politicians have tried to exploit their fame and cheat the remaining population paying them (the population) with false ideas. I think, the recipe is the same everywhere.

The Encyclopedia Britannica defines the scientific diaspora, or the brain drain, as: "the abandonment of a country in favor of another by professionals or people with a high education level, generally as a result of the tender conditions better pay or living. "

How very true, Profs Kamal, Enzo, Andras and friends.  Have a browse through my thread.  Four of my cousins had to emigrate, leaving me and one other cousin to manage our old folks.  If not for my dear helpful friends, my research would not be moving.  As it is, I still have difficulty to publish in journals with impact factor.  But I'm working on this.  So my time on RG is severely limited.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/As_researchers_how_much_success_can_we_derive_based_on_our_hard_work_and_talent_alone_What_other_ingredient_s_are_needed

Amazing Brain- drain statistics

More than one-third of US Nobel laureates are foreign-born

In 1966, 78 percent of S&E doctorates were US-born and 23 percent were foreign-born. In 2000, 61 percent were US-born and 39 percent were foreign-born

Nearly half the doctorate-level staff and 58 percent of the postdoctoral, research, and clinical fellows at the National Institutes of Health campus are foreign nationals.

There are examples of Nobel laureate who establish and maintain a long-term relationship with researchers in their home country through periodic visits, international conferences and workshops, short courses and workshops at their home institutions, and collaborative research.

For example, Samuel Ting, Nobel laureate in physics, Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and member of Taiwan’s Academia Sinica, encourages collaboration of teams of scientists in 16 countries and Taiwan. As chairman of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) research program under the Department of Energy and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Ting established international collaboration with Taiwanese researchers to manufacture all AMS electronics. 

scientist (NSB, 2002)12.

The emigration of scientists has been paid off for host countries through the history. Nowadays when diaspora scientists are organized and connected the benefits are flowing back to scientists’ homelands.

Please find attached study The Scientific Diaspora as the Brain Gain Option in case of Bosnia and  Herzegovina. 

In my opinion, this is not confined to Scientific field but is very common in business community/Common to all fields of human activity. I would like to generalize it:

Human Diaspora: It has great potential in shaping the world .

Such changes/ human activities go on from time to time around the world. Ultimately, SURVEY BHABANTU SUKHINA SURVEY SANTU NIRAMAYA. -the whole world activity and human welfare are the main motive.

@ Dear Kamal. I fully agree with your statement, If the conditions are ideal no one will leave his homeland.

I fully agree with dear Professor @Kamal: Due to miserable conditions back homes, , researchers leave their country and immigrate searching for equal chances with others and not be treated as second class people in their own land.

Every one goal is better opportunity,better environment and the zeal to do the best even  in unknown country/remote areas/adventurous situations or circumstances. Such people are different from common man.This how some people are more happy and better satisfied than others. Later on, this becomes a mission for them ....... If it goes in right direction for the welfare of masses, it deserves appreciation and is always long lasting. This cycle of evolution and development goes on  and continues...... The aim of life is finally purity of our own soul.

All of Nobel prize winners from Hungary got this prize abroad...

Dear Profs, sometimes conditions aren't good at all, but we still did not leave our homeland.  We still serve patiently, and are valued by a small number of friends who know us well.  @Laszlo, no one in my country has ever won a Nobel Prize.  I hope that one of my students may be able to do so in the future.  My previous deputy director was honest enough to say that those who could have won were never given a chance.

Our colleague @Brenda Jacono sent her answer: ". I found the following paper to be instructive about the Canadian Scientific Diaspora: "Policy dialogue on fostering effective engagement of Canadian university diaspora faculty in international research collaboration for development." It can be found at the following website:

http://www.aucc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/diaspora-summary-2008.pdf "

For the crisis situation in present day Greece, the immigration of scientists abroad is just a "loan" from countries in recession to countries with surplus! It is known also as brain drain or Human capital flight, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital_flight.

WebInUnion project is EU funded project toward providing more opportunities for career development and researchers' mobility in Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia, Greece and Serbia! Fine story follows : Return of the Serbian scientific diaspora! It is fine, but it is just drop in the ocean!

http://vihos.masfak.ni.ac.rs/webinunion/index.php/testimonials/34-return-of-the-serbian-scientific-diaspora

Our friend @Jeremiah sent me the following answer: "Institutions of higher education have a unique role to play in linking diaspora communities. International students and alumni and foreign-born faculty can serve as links for collaboration, recruitment, and mentoring. Academies of science can also support the development of STI diasporas. Science-related NGOs can serve as powerful catalysts for international collaboration by building science capacity at home and abroad, strengthening the networks that diaspora groups can use to connect with academic and private sector partners across the globe, and advocating for policy reform. An entrepreneurship program is Global Innovation through Science and Technology (GIST) initiative. GIST links young innovators with experienced mentors who help them turn their technology ideas into companies.

Diaspora communities are also especially well suited to support the promotion of global entrepreneurship. At the 2012 Global Diaspora Forum, USAID launched the Diaspora for Development Initiative, a public-private partnership with Accenture LLP and Cuso International designed to promote the mobilization of diaspora communities to address human resources gaps in developing countries. To date, seventeen volunteers have been deployed to Ethiopia, Kenya, Jamaica, the Philippines, and Peru, where they have provided entrepreneurship skills and sustainable livelihood training to more than four hundred individuals, many of them women."

One more answer from @Jeremiah :"Educational Cooperative Opportunities between the U.S. and Kenya

Discussing this topic was a panel comprising Prof. Lawrence Allen from Clemson University; Dr. Keith Martin, the Executive Director of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health; Mr. David Angwenyi from Hopewell Valley

Central High School; and Dr. Woodruff Adams from West Chester University.

The session was moderated by Prof. Joshua Bagaka’s of Cleveland State

University.

The panelists and participants agreed that there were many opportunities for

educational cooperation. One of the key potential areas was establishment of

joint research between scholars; including establishment of joint programmes

between U.S. and Kenyan Universities (such as the Masai Mara University and

Clemson Universities partnership). Other notable avenues for cooperation include, donation of Books; establishment of faculty exchanges; creation of online degree programmes that can be utilized by both Kenyans at home and the Kenyan Diaspora in the U.S.; and provision of courses to Civil Service e.g. Clemson University’s leadership courses to Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS).

The session however noted that several challenges still prohibit the growth

and success of cooperation initiatives in Education. These include complex

Tax and Labour Laws; challenges in transferring of funds from U.S. to Kenya;

language barriers; finding sponsors to support shipment of books to Kenya;

limited participation by the Kenyan Diaspora (especially in cooperation

for High School programmes); cases of insecurity in Kenya leading to

issuance of adverse travel advisories by the U.S. State Department; lack of

cooperation between High Schools in Kenya and the local administration;

and U.S. Visa restrictions for Kenyan Students.

It was also noted that co-operation in Exchange Programmes has been

one way i.e. High School Students from the U.S. have been visiting Kenyan

schools but few Kenyan School has visited the U.S.

As a way forward, the panel made the following recommendations: -

 Information on the Tax and Labour laws in Kenya needs to be

availed to the general public via the Embassy’s website.

 Encouragement should be given to young people to participate

in the annual Diaspora Conferences. Web/video streaming of the

Diaspora Conference should also be provided to capture a wider

outreach.

 The Embassy should continue to dialogue with the State Department to avoid issuance of avoidable negative travel advisories in the future. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Trade should equally engage the US Embassy in Nairobi.

 The Embassy should focus on developing the Country’s Public Relations image, which has been negatively affected following insecurity incidences such as the Westgate attack.

 Attempts should be made to reach out to the Kenyan corporate sector to sponsor Kenyan students for exchange programmes.

http://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/KDC_2013_Report_20140908.pdf"

Contribution to motherland??? Hmm. 

I have a wish/ an idea, that everyone who goes in foreign (in our case- developed)  countries to learn, study, or research, and manage to get some knowledge there, he or she should  bring some of it back in homeland. Unfortunately, I found it to be utopia. 

Dear László Kótai,

Fortunately, Albert Szentgyörgyi got the Nobel price as a Hungarian citizen.

Dear Masa,

If the genius “exporting” countries were not as they are, the talented people would stay at home. Please look around and you will understand the emigrant scientists.

Dear friends and colleagues,

My dear friend Ljubomir (hope that he also considers me as a friend) posed an interesting question. Somehow I feel myself obliged to participate in this discussion, particularly because it went much further from the initial question.

Why people emigrate? There can be thousands of reasons. If in some place they are killed, raped for ethnical, national or similar reasons and they cannot defend their lives and lives of their familiars the unique solution is to run away from your homeland. Of course this is an extreme case.

Let me be more concrete. Why I leave my hometown to go to study in a big city? The answer is easy. Because I want to get a better education and because my parents were able and eager to help me. It was not easy at all. Maybe some guys from my hometown consider me a traitor. It doesn’t matter. One should act according to his ideas and beliefs.

All men and women are born free and they have the right, even the obligation, to look for the adequate place where they can realize themselves in the best way. If in some country there are no many scholarships then why somebody who is willing to continue his study should not look for a scholarship in another place?

Returning to the initial question I can say that my answer will be too personal and probably subjective. So it’s better to say that there is no a simple answer to the posed question.

Dear @Masa, we have many good examples of successful researchers that have came back to Serbia, for the sake of motherland. Here is an example of such man! Miodrag Stojkovic! But it is not enough, you are right!

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miodrag_Stojkovic

Dear All, in Italy there are incentives for the return of the "brains" that have left the country. Now not everyone is willing to go, and then come back from where? Not everyone returns from MIT! but the place from which you return does not seem important. What is certain is that however often those who leave their homeland to go abroad no longer has a chance to return. I have done it a long time ago and I was four years in the Netherlands. This helped me how! I must say that I do not know how much this has changed me but it certainly did. Then I managed to get back but I also had the opportunity to stay. I would suggest that a period abroad is always worth.  Every situation is unique and you can not obviously generalize.. What I mean is that the brain drain not always regards excellence and what about  those who stayed to work at home with all the difficulties that this has implied?

Thanks dear @Gianni for your valuable response. Your experience is similar to mine. I have returned  30 years ago! But, Balkan story is not a good one :Youth Emigration Causing Balkan ‘Brain Drain’!

http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/young-people-leave-serbia-bosnia-the-most

Yevgeny Yevtushenko 

"Deliver you from being kicked 

With heavy jackboots by your country.

God grant your wife to be quite thick

With you when you're in quandary" 

 Translated by Alec Vagapov 

God grant the blind to have the sight

And hunchbacks be a normal man

God grant I'm partly God, but one

Cannot be partly crucified

Deliver me from being bossy

Or sort of hero false and glossy

God grant me being rich, not false,

If it is possible of course.

God grant me to be an old hand

Not swallowed by some sort of gang

Deliver me from being a lord.

A beggar, hangman or that sort.

Deliver me from bloody hands

When somebody casts in a bone;

God grant me many foreign lands,

With preservation of my own.

Deliver you from being kicked

With heavy jackboots by your country.

God grant your wife to be quite thick

With you when you're in quandary

God grant the liars to shut up,

When hearing God in exultation

And see the living Christ turn up

As male or female presentation.

We bear disbelief but not

The cross. And beg God to forgive us.

God grant us to be a bit of God

So we might not be unbelievers.

God grant us all we haven't got.

To all of us, and on the square,

God grant us everything but not

Something disgraceful and unfair

Dear Ljubomir,

thank you. Yes , there are many good examples. And many people. Most of them would rather stay anonymous. At the end it is matter of "inner voice and personal choice", or feeling for "purpose/mission...", not just individual task, but feeling for collective progress, as well. 

Sometimes I am deeply disappointed, that is all.  

I do share your feelings dear @Masa! Disappointment in that sense belongs to me also! 

Leaving homeland and travelling thousands of miles to another country can be attributed financially, socially, politically, security and educational reasons.

Something more about Serbia's scientific diaspora! "Serbia is traditionally an emigration country, as evidenced by the estimates that the Serbian diaspora encompasses between three and four million people (Ministry of the Diaspora, 2010). Emigration waves from Serbia can be divided into four main periods, in which dominance of economic and political reasons for leaving the country alternated: 1)economic emigration from the late 19th century until World War II, mostly to America, 2)war and post-war political emigration of the 40‟s and 50‟s of the 20th century, mostly to oversees countries, 3) economic emigration in the period from 1960 to 1980, when generally the low skilled workers were leaving the country and going to developed countries of Europe, and 4) political-economic emigration of the nineties of the 20th century, characterised by the departure of a large number of highly qualified people, the so-called brain drain phenomenon." Let us go to brain-gain!

Yes, Prof Ljubomir and friends.  We must be positive.  Let's think of brain  drain as brain gain for the places that welcome our people who cannot get a job in the fatherland or motherland.  This pic is for Malaysia.  Even Singaporean citizens are moving out to US Silicon valley etc.  Thanks.

@ Miranda

The Global employment path is US to Singapore or vice-versa. Now people from west especially (US / Europe) are moving to China and Asian markets as Expatriate employees for Multi National Organizations.

The number of foreign workers on the Chinese Mainland (excluding those in the regions of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) swelled to more than 240,000 in 2012, up 17% from 2007 — and that figure is still rising, according to China’s Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20140212-get-hired-in-china

Thanks @ Umachandran, it's a good link!  

'While the west’s workers suffered during the financial crisis, China’s wage growth remained relatively robust. Real wages in the private sector rose 14% in 2012, versus UK wages, for example, which sank 3% during 2010-2012.

Chinese wages are forecast to inflate at more than 10% annually, according to Bloomberg newswires analysts and recruitment firms, as the economy shifts emphasis from the manufacturing industry to the services sector.'

- - -

Here I add some info on ties between Malaysia and China:  'Reflections On Four Decades Of Malaysia-China Enhanced Friendship And Partnership

The year 2014 has been designated by both the governments of Malaysia and China as “Friendship Year” to commemorate the 40th. Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations. The decision, indeed, reflect the mutual satisfaction that bilateral relations have evolved into a healthy growth with substantive cooperation in almost all sectors to merit a celebration to mark the milestone. For those of us who have closely followed the evolution of Malaysia-China Relations over these decades, cannot but agree that relations have indeed blossomed beyond expectation. A solid diplomatic foundation has been established between the two countries, opening wider and deeper opportunities to further build upon the achievements of the last 40 years.'  See the 2nd link.  Thanks.

http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20140212-get-hired-in-china

http://ppmc.com.my/en/?page_id=94

There are some resources available here at Research Gate about scientific diaspora and brain storming! World bank resource is also attached!

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/KFDLP/0,,contentMDK:20946758~menuPK:1727232~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461198,00.html

http://freepdfs.net/israels-brain-drain-researchgate/4f0cdfa2fdcfd28d2e11c72c10f68f54/

Article Scientific Diasporas: A New Approach to the Brain Drain

Article Scientific Diasporas as an Option for Brain Drain: Re-Circul...

Article Redefining the Brain Drain: China's 'Diaspora Option'

Article How Networking Can Help Mitigate the Brain Drain

Article Diaspora Knowledge Flows in the Global Economy

Dear Prof Ljubomir, thanks for many great links.  In my country, many young people have gone to work in Asian countries.  Quite many work in China.  Now with the sad events involving the 2 planes (MH370, MH17), many parents are very concerned and worried, about the safety of their children.  Many of the children contribute to the living expenses for  the family.  (My older cousin visited her son recently in China.)  Perhaps all parents would be very concerned.....

Migration from one country to other or from one place to other is a very common phenomenon . Main purpose is better conditions, better opportunity, better growth, more money, learning new skills, etc. Even, other living species birds and animals do migrate.for breeding, growth, better weather conditions, availability of food etc.

People with good purse are running or buy houses in the West. They stole their profit in 1990- s.http://www.denik.cz/ze_sveta/rusko-proziva-dalsi-vlnu-emigrace20110405.html

COOPERATION & DEVELOPMENT CENTER CODEV major research area is Research on Scientific Diasporas! "The research on scientific diasporas, migration and development at CODEV contributes to the understanding of migration and development processes by addressing the mobility of scientists and skilled professionals from the perspective of their potential contributions to the countries of origin through diaspora engagements..."

http://cooperation.epfl.ch/ScientificDiasporas

Science Diasporas as Engines of Innovation! "Like so much of American life, the story of innovation is a story of immigration—from Albert Einstein to Sergey Brin. In the United States, a quarter of foreign-born workers with college degrees work as scientists or engineers. According to a report by the Kauffman Foundation, foreign-born entrepreneurs started a quarter of U.S. technology startups over the past six years. In Silicon Valley alone, 44 percent of these engineering and technology ventures were founded by at least one immigrant. As of 2010, one-third of the 314 laureates who won their Nobel Prizes while working in the United States were foreign-born...

Through their collective brainpower, resources, and networks, organized diasporas of scientists, engineers, innovators, entrepreneurs, and science policy experts play a vital role in driving innovation and economic growth and improving cross-cultural understanding and collaboration...

A New Architecture of Cooperation:

"The information and technological revolutions are reshaping diplomacy in the twenty-first century. The near monopoly of governments in the management of international affairs has certainly been broken. Diaspora networks, like nongovernmental organizations, civil society groups, and multinational corporations, are increasingly important and influential actors in international relations.  Science diasporas are vital to a new architecture of cooperation that will allow us to invent, create, innovate, and solve problems together."

http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2013/potential-science-diasporas

When there is a  possibility to improve conscious capacities to break the chains of victims towards the emergence of active citizens who can speak for themselves, identify possibilities and reflexive forms against social divisions inhibiting dialogues and not defending identities are sure to create a scientific network among the scattered members.

Dear @Markovic, here is fine research article with fine statistics on Montenegrin Scientific Diaspora. An excellent resource.

For example : "Most of the scientists considered hold a PhD degree, especially in former Yugoslavian region. With respect to scientific disciplines, social and life sciences dominate in the former Yugoslavian countries (58.1%), life sciences in EU countries (33.8%) and technical sciences in non-European countries (45.7%). Although exact data on age is not available, experience from preparing this Study suggests that scientific Diaspora population in the rest of the Balkan region is the oldest one, while also being

integrated best into its destination countries; population in non-European countries is a younger one (i.e. people in their thirties and forties), whereas the one in EU countries is likely the youngest one, with constant influx of new scientists..."

Yes Roland and all, sometimes I wish I had been part of the diaspora.  But I always seem to have good reasons to stay here, my people, my community etc...

http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/06/18/chinese-youths-top-suicide-list/

Data Youths talk about death: causes for suicide (a review dataset)

German experienced this dispora in Nazi regime and second world war. A lot of really famous scientist had to emigrate, remember Einstein et al.

There is no substitute for homeland, home is just there! Unique one!

Dear Lawrence,

Einstein left Germany because of antisemitism not because of missing chances.

Dear Ljubomir, Have you seen this?

In cooperation with the Washington Embassy of the Republic of Croatia, a date has been set for the first In-Person conference in America, with the aim of connecting Croatians everywhere.

In a sign of greater organisation of the sizable Croatian diaspora in America, the Association of Croatian American Professionals announced the first In-Person conference next year, with the simple aim of connecting Croatians, according to a press release on December 17, 2015.

Under the motto Global Croatia, the conference is being supported by the Embassy of the Republic of Croatia in Washington, and its one singular aim is simple - to connect people. 

"Goal of the conference - Defining the scope and opportunities of the newly formed (2014) Association of Croatian American Professionals. To meet each other in person and to identify partners and projects among professional counterparts in the U.S., Canada, and Croatia. To build the future. To connect all.

http://www.total-croatia-news.com/business/1835-global-croatia-1st-in-person-diaspora-conference-in-america-announced

Serbian diaspora organize different meetings all over the world. This one was medical and it is traditional.

Serbian Diaspora Medical Conference 2015!

http://tirsova.rs/lat/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Serbian-Diaspora-Conference.pdf

http://www.serbiandiasporamedical.rs/indexeng.html

IN FOCUS - SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC DIASPORA

There is a long history of outmigration from Southeast European countries, creating large population groups residing abroad (mostly in EU countries and USA) and are usually referred to as SEE diaspora, SEE emigrants, SEE expatriates etc. Regarding scientific diaspora and brain drain, the governments in the region - being aware of related challenges for the overall economies – have recently undertaken a number of initiatives to address the issue. These include several of the traditional measures, from creation of directory databases, “knowledge networks,” and discussion forums to the provision of visiting and post-doctorate fellowships...

https://wbc-rti.info/in_focus

https://wbc-rti.info/object/document/14647

There are two schools of thought with regard to the Indian diaspora in Africa. Some see them as insecure, cut off from their country of origin, with feelings of being let down by the Indian government in times of need and not willing to engage themselves. African elites are not yet ready to accept, that the Indian diaspora could be used as a resource by India for improving relations, although others refer to the African Union and its statement, that the Indian diaspora in anglo‐, franco‐ and luso‐phone countries constitutes a strategic asset for bilateral relations

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=132&ved=0ahUKEwiqlbPyw4rKAhWFFywKHbJUCBE4ggEQFggkMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jean-jaures.org%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F14008%2F134872%2Ffile%2F1005_Africa_India_KV.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEfGycDPujrLI15Ug92jExA_4mOkQ&sig2=uBu9Yx4MMLZ73mQhrrV1bA&cad=rja

Dear Ljubomir, as you may be aware, recently I attended the wedding of my Pastor's 3rd son.  He's going back after this break to work in Boston.  As you can see in this pic, many of his friends are from other places in Asia, but all were studying and/or working in US.  It's the present day Diaspora, as your question says.  The couple sitting beside the bride and groom are Christian friends who were like foster parents to the groom.  It's always good to build bonds and connections, when we cannot escape from the Diaspora phenomena.

Dear Lawrence,

Leo Szilárd first left Hungary and then Germany because he was Hungarian. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Szilard

Dear All,

Hungary have had six or seven Nobel laureates but only one had Hungarian citizenship – Albert Szent-Györgyi – at the moment when he received the Nobel Prize.  This fact is suitable  for a sociologic discussion.

Dear Lawrence, thanks for a detailed discussion.  Do not forget that the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved my country and my people from the Japanese occupation.  My ancestors suffered a lot, and all the girls disguised as boys for about 4 years.

Concerning the scientific diaspora, several of my family members had to leave home in their teens to work in UK as student nurses.  After that training, they went on to study in universities.  If they stayed here, that would not be possible.  Thanks again for the info on the scientific discourse of the A-bomb.

Dear Andras, you mean to say that the Hungarian nobel laureates gave up their citizenship, willingly or unwillingly, or.....?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya

Please, do go back to the main issue, scientific diaspora. There are no reasons for downvoting of any answer.

I don't downvote dear friends. And even if I get sidetracked, I will return to the issues that we should be discussing.  

Lawrence, I have also searched and got lots of info on the 2 bombings.  I believe the second bomb was to be dropped on another city, K.  But the clouds saved the place, and it was dropped on Nagasaki instead.

Concerning scientific Diaspora, some Malaysians found Canada to be so extremely cold and got depressed during winter. Even my cousins in UK complained about the wind. I have a relative in Moscow, studying medicine.  She's happy that despite cold winter, there isn't much wind. Dear Ljubomir, there is a reason why God kept me here. From mobile.

Scientists and scholars have always traveled abroad - for various reasons (eg Comenius.). Happiness is, they may return to their homeland. Luck is also that, if they can work in their field anywhere. If their work is hindered (lost), it is a shame for all mankind.

Dear Miranda,

I think most of Hungarian Nobel laureates left Hungary because there was no opportunity there for talented people.

By the way, I do not think that only the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki prevented your country from the Japanese occupation. Who knows how historical events were deformed by the winners?

Dear All,

Irrational and illogical down-voters are sometimes really funny.

Dear @Miranda, here is a story on STEM and Malaysia's diaspora!

"The Malaysian Diaspora is a valuable talent and intelligent resource. Moving forward, they must be constantly engaged and provided with opportunities to participate in the nation's science-based programs. This will complement the efforts by the homegrown talents in providing Malaysia with the comparative advantage for economic growth, sustainable development and societal wellbeing..."

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141124053906-54719648-leveraging-on-malaysia-s-diaspora-for-science-technology?trkInfo=VSRPsearchId%3A577811291456739086530%2CVSRPtargetId%3A5942521561129951232%2CVSRPcmpt%3Aprimary&trk=vsrp_influencer_content_res_name

Thanks Ljubomir and all.  It's very thoughtful and kind to consider my country.  Right now, I have 6 relatives in UK.  If they returned, they will have no jobs.  So how can they return, except when they wish to retire in this tropical sunshine?  

Even among my students - Lydia married a medical doctor, and he couldn't get a job here.  So they are now in SIngapore, where they are so happy.  But of course, they return when possible to visit aging parents who aren't too healthy.  PYT married a Singaporean lady, and he is now working with Shell in Singapore.  This fine engineer cannot get a job here. ( When the time comes, I will also need to move, for a while at least.)

good question!!

Two powerful global currents: unrelenting advance of scientific knowledge and innovation & ever‐thickening web of connections & diaspora communities and their homelands closer ...

Scientific diasporas may represent part of the solution to the often crippling economic and social effects of migration ...

https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/events/docs/07_Yannis_Kechagiaras.pdf

Agree with Irina Mikhailovna Pechonkina

following