The virus is also excreted via blood, nasal and lachrymal secretions, saliva, semen, and milk of infected animals (transmissible to suckling calves) that may be sources of infection to other susceptible cattle.
Nodules that appear on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, rectum, udder and genitalia also ulcerate and shed sufficient viruses, which can serve as sources of infections.
Transmission or spread can also occur iatrogenically during mass vaccination in which single syringe and needle is used in several animals. Under this situation the needle can acquire the virus from crusts and other skin lesions and inoculate into healthy animals.