I think that the allergic reactions caused by xenobiotics in animals may not cause allergies in humans.

I find it logically a very tough question to answer. Extrapolation can be done of course to extend trend analysis beyond the measured values but it would possess a higher degree of inaccuracy. Anyhow, one has to check it by practical means.

It is not possible to extrapolate for the following reasons:

1) concentration - dose..differential effects...

2) Rodents share general traits; human beings are heterogeneous.

3) differences in effector cells and receptors

4) coentry genes

4) Differences in arachidonate cascades, and effects on acute immune and inflammatory responses.

6) Differences in mediators

Dear Asmat Ali,

I agree with you.

Consensus report on the future of animal-free systemic toxicity testing.

Leist M, Hasiwa N, Rovida C, Daneshian M, Basketter D, Kimber I, Clewell H, Gocht T, Goldberg A, Busquet F, Rossi AM, Schwarz M, Stephens M, Taalman R, Knudsen TB, McKim J, Harris G, Pamies D, Hartung T.

ALTEX. 2014;31(3):341-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14573/altex.1406091.

PMID: 25061899 [PubMed - in process] Free Article

Related citations

Dear Chithan C Kandaswami, 

how to treat a large number of scientific papers (articles), which set out the results of experimental studies of contact (skin) allergic reactions in rodents (mice and rats)? A large number of animal studies (study of allergic reactions) performed I. Kimber et al. (see  PubMed), as well as other researchers. Classification of allergens (animal experiments), made by researchers in Russia, I criticized (the authors do not mention) this papers and it is not published in a scientific journal.

Dear Chithan C Kandaswami,

I totally agree with you.

Dear Chithan C Kandaswami,

will express your opinion please.

Immunology. 2015 Jan;144(1):139-48. doi: 10.1111/imm.12359.

Skin sensitization induced Langerhans' cell mobilization: variable requirements for tumour necrosis factor-α.

Eaton LH1, Roberts RA, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Metryka A.

Author information

Abstract

Upon antigen/allergen recognition, epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) are mobilized and migrate to the local lymph node where they play a major role in initiating or regulating immune responses. It had been proposed that all chemical allergens induce LC migration via common cytokine signals delivered by TNF-α and IL-1β. Here the dependence of LC migration on TNF-α following treatment of mice with various chemical allergens has been investigated. It was found that under standard conditions the allergens oxazolone, paraphenylene diamine, and trimellitic anhydride, in addition to the skin irritant sodium lauryl sulfate, were unable to trigger LC mobilization in the absence of TNF-α signalling. In contrast, two members of the dinitrohalobenezene family (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [DNCB] and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene [DNFB]) promoted LC migration independently of TNF-R2 (the sole TNF-α receptor expressed by LC) and TNF-α although the presence of IL-1β was still required. However, increasing doses of oxazolone overcame the requirement of TNF-α for LC mobilization, whereas lower doses of DNCB were still able to induce LC migration in a TNF-α-independent manner. These novel findings demonstrate unexpected heterogeneity among chemical allergens and furthermore that LC can be induced to migrate from the epidermis via different mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of TNF-α. Although the exact mechanisms with regard to the signals that activate LC have yet to be elucidated, these differences may translate into functional speciation that will likely impact on the extent and quality of allergic sensitization.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Dear Waldemar Koczkodaj,

a great, brilliant, wonderful response. You can smile. However, if  the answer is very true no joke-you. Mice and rats - a rodent, by which made many discoveries in immunology. And the data obtained in mice and rats, it is easy to extrapolate to humans. But I'm not sure that all allergic reaction (hypersensitivity reaction) in rodents can be extrapolated to humans. The reaction may or may not occur (probability theory) both in humans and in rodents. it possible to extrapolate the data in the study of allergic reactions obtained in experiments on rodents - to humans? I do not know, it is difficult to extrapolate all the reactions,  if not impossible.

It's a good joke.

You know that the toxicity of various substances (etc.) can be measured on daphnia? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia

Moreover, in Daphnia have cholinergic receptors as humans.

And Waldemar all jokes?

This alternative model in toxicology, in Daphnia have the same biochemical mechanisms as you. Some! Not all!

But your brain - is the brain, like Adam, whom God created.

And there are people who have a brain, like Daphnia (and there are many.

The RG them, fortunately, no.

Dear Prof

Analysis of food-allergic and anaphylactic events in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) captures a nationally representative probability sample from hospital emergency departments (EDs) in the United States.

OBJECTIVE:

Emergency department data from NEISS were analyzed to assess the magnitude and severity of adverse events attributable to food allergies.

METHODS:

Emergency department events describing food-related allergic symptomatology were identified from 34 participating EDs from August 1 to September 30, 2003.

RESULTS:

Extrapolation of NEISS event data predicts a total of 20,821 hospital ED visits, 2333 visits for anaphylaxis, and 520 hospitalizations caused by food allergy in the United States during the 2-month study period. The median age was 26 years; 24% of visits involved children < or =5 years old. Shellfish was the most frequently implicated food in persons > or =6 years old, whereas children < or =5 years old experienced more events from eggs, fruit, peanuts, and tree nuts. There were no reported deaths. Review of medical records found that only 19% of patients received epinephrine, and, using criteria established by a 2005 anaphylaxis symposium, 57% of likely anaphylactic events did not have an ED diagnosis of anaphylaxis.

CONCLUSION:

Analysis of NEISS data may be a useful tool for assessing the magnitude and severity of food-allergic events. A criteria-based review of medical records suggests underdiagnosis of anaphylactic events in EDs.