Dr. Jan-Gert Nel! Yes. Therefore, the Academic (MD, Professor) RV Petrov

coined the term "non-specific resistance of the organism." It is widely used by researchers not only Russia, but also in other countries.

  Later (2000-2002) the Academic (MD, Professor) RM Khaitov offered less felicitous term "doimmunnye - (previous immunity) - biological mechanisms of resistance to infection." This term is rarely used.

Dear Dr. Zabrodskii! Russian translation of this term is "vrozhdionniy immunitet". This term is widely used in scientific literature. Greetings!

In scientific literature in English russian researchers widely use of the term "innate immunity".

Я часто встречаю этот термин в русскоязычной литературе.

No, they use it in Russian language literature very often.

For example, one of my favorite monographs in Russian: http://preview.medprint.ru/978-5-98811-111-5.pdf

The term "Innate immunity" is widely used Russian immunologists-microbiologists.

!!! Microbiologists.

Dr. Dmitry Kazansky!

This term is widely used in scientific literature.

But RV Petrov and RM Khaitov (in textbooks) against the use of the term.

I disagree with them.

Russian text (my) written previously removed. And it's good!

Dr. Olga Lebedeva!

Thank you! Wonderful the monograph!

I do not know anything about Russian linguistics, but I do not like the term "innate immunity " in the english language either. It compartementalises thinking with regards to the immune response. Very artificial and arbitrary way of trying to explain one of the most complex systems in biology.

Dr. Jan-Gert Nel! Yes. Therefore, the Academic (MD, Professor) RV Petrov

coined the term "non-specific resistance of the organism." It is widely used by researchers not only Russia, but also in other countries.

  Later (2000-2002) the Academic (MD, Professor) RM Khaitov offered less felicitous term "doimmunnye - (previous immunity) - biological mechanisms of resistance to infection." This term is rarely used.

Dear Zabrodskii

The Hurford  Fellowships, administered by the Carnegie

Endowment for International Peace, support the Euro

-

Atlantic Security Initiative (EASI) Next Generation

Network in identifying young academics conducting

innovative research on international security in the Euro

-

Atlantic area.

http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2016/08/01/888a5519/A%20new%20stage%20of%20Russian%20European%20relations%20through%20the%20lens%20of%20science%20technology%20and%20innovation%20cooperation%20Pavel%20Kanevskiy.pdf

Dear Aly R. Seadawy,

I fully agree with the provisions of the document "A new stage of Russian-European relations through the lens of science, technology and innovation cooperation" (Pavel Kanevskiy).

(In 1987, I was the chief radiologist in the aftermath of the disaster at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Ukraine).

Order of Courage.

My latest award - a medal "For contribution to the chemical disarmament "(2011).

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Забродский,_Павел_Францевич

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_anti-inflammatory_pathway

Yours sincerely,

Pavel Zabrodskiy

I was not accurate enough: "" innate immunity "almost never".

The term "innate immunity" is used in the Russian papers and monographs. This is me talking about the scientific school of RV Petrov and RM Khaitov (full member (academician) of the RAS - members of the highest level of the Russian Academy of Sciences).

RV Petrov and RM Khaitov -  full member (academician) of the RAS - members of the highest level of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87

RV Petrov and RM Khaitov - full member (academician) of the RAS - members of the highest level of the Russian Academy of Sciences - in RG are none!

Or they are using only head, that is even worse :)

Recently I tried unsuccessfully to quickly find the corresponding english term for russian term (although it not so russian :) "автохронный". Another funny moment that "нравственность" in english is a german word "Sittlichkeit". And, of course, the classic difficulties of translation include the classic confrontation "гносеология" against "epistemology". In the end I decided for myself that gnoseology unfolds ideas around the subject-object opposition, and the opposition object-knowledge is the basis for epistemology.

This is not a complete list of what puzzled me. All this is rather a semantic difficulties than terminology.

Bravo Pawel

The term " Innate Immunity " in fish neurobiology is related to a class of immunologically active substances like the AMPS(Antimicrobial peptides) that harbour in fish epithelia(Skin, gill, gut, swimbladdet) that are responsible for local immunomodulatory function, and also are tissue specific.A classical example is mast cell that  produce both neurobiologically active and antimicrobial substances.As neurobiologist I recently located piscidins in fish lungs, and there is always a general indication that many tissues have a storehouse of immune molecules that modulate local functions and control tissue homeostasis.

The term " innate immunity " in fishes mainly applies to a class of immune molecules that act in fish defenses and may interfere with neuroactive substances; so I prefer the term innate immunity coupled with immunobiology

Why is the term "innate immunity" almost never in Russian-speaking scientific papers and monographs?

Dear colleagues!

Excuse me for inaccuracy. I mean  Scientific School(s) of  R.V. Petrov and R.M. Khaitov)?

PubMed

Petrov RV

Scientific School!

Search results

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1.

Approximate analytic solution of a simple system of kinetic equations describing the enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids.

Fedorov AA, Berdnikov AS, Sochivko DG, Varlamov DA, Kurochkin VE, Petrov RV.

Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2016 Sep;470(1):379-382.

PMID: 27817027

Why is the term "innate immunity" almost never in Russian-speaking scientific monographs (Scientific School(s) of R.V. Petrov and R.M. Khaitov)? Edit

Whereas it is used as a term in the English-language scientific articles and monographs?

( Петров Р.В. Иммунология.  М.: Медицина 1987. 416 с.

Петров Р. В., Хаитов Р. М., Манько В. М., Михайлова А. А. Контроль и регуляция иммунного ответа. – М.: Медицина, 1981. – 312 с.

Хаитов  Р.М., Игнатьева Г.А., Сидорович И.Г.  Иммунология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. -М.: Медицина, 2002.-536 с.)

Why is the term "innate immunity" almost never in Russian-speaking scientific monographs (Scientific School(s) of R.V. Petrov and R.M. Khaitov)? - ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_is_the_term_innate_immunity_almost_never_in_Russian-speaking_scientific_monographs_Scientific_Schools_of_RV_Petrov_and_RM_Khaitov [accessed Nov 11, 2016].

Brilliant response. Good points to learn.

The Hurford

Fellowships, administered by the Carnegie

Endowment for International Peace, support the Euro

Atlantic Security Initiative (EASI) Next Generation

Network in identifying young academics conducting

innovative research on international security in the Euro

http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2016/08/01/888a5519/A%20new%20stage%20of%20Russian%20European%20relations%20through%20the%20lens%20of%20science%20technology%20and%20innovation%20cooperation%20Pavel%20Kanevskiy.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system,[1] is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system, the system does not provide long-lasting immunity to the host.[2] Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection, and are found in all classes of plant and animal life.

Dear Pavel, Yes ! In fishes antimicrobial peptides(AMPS) also play a crucial role in defense mechanisms and during the development.Many of these AMPS are identified using molecular methods, but cellular localization is very scarce except for the piscidin.

A good chapter from Chris Secombes was done on AMPS by J Fernandes and Smith in my book by Title " Fish Defenses, vol 2 Fish Immunology,Science Publishers, Enfield,N.H.,USA,2009.

I reported for the first time the presence of polymorphous granular cells(PGCs) in the lung of a primitive fish, Polypterus using an antibody to piscidin 1 raised in rabbit.Antigen from the cod.

Best,

Giacomo

Dear Giacomo,

Thank you.

Dozens of researchers (perhaps more)   in the world engaged in the study of natural antibiotics in humans (antimicrobial peptides).

Best,

your  friend, Pavel 

Dear Giacomo,

I read with great interest your article.

Pavel

Dear Giacomo,

I read with great interest your article.

GSR

Innate immunity is natural non-specific immunity, not stimulated by specific antigens.It monitors the microenvironment for sign to distress.

Many years ago ( Петров Р.В. Иммунология. М.: Медицина 1987. 416 с.) Academician (The Russian Academy of Sciences)  R.V .Petrov wrote that immunity - it is always a specific immune response to a specific antigen, and the terms - "specific immunity", "specific immune defense", "specific immune responses" - suggested not to use. And what about the "innate immunity"?   Instead of the term "innate immunity"  Petrov suggested that the term "non-specific resistance of the organism." Subsequently,  academician (The Russian Academy of Sciences)  R.M. Khaitov  et al.  (Хаитов Р.М., Игнатьева Г.А., Сидорович И.Г. Иммунология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. -М.: Медицина, 2002.-536 с.) instead of  "innate immunity" proposed use  the term "doimmunnye - (previous immunity) - biological mechanisms of resistance to infection."

However, in Russia and abroad (in other countries) was used, and used the term "innate immunity", used it and academician (The Russian Academy of Sciences) R.M. Khaitov   (Хаитов Р.М. Иммунология. Учебник для вузов. М., 2006). Apply in Russia and the term "specific immune defense."

In my opinion, it is clear that the term "innate immunity" = "non-specific resistance of the organism" = "doimmunnye - (previous immunity) - biological mechanisms of resistance to infection."

In the world of common terms (generally accepted terms ) used, so I'm not advocating that  scientists have come up (invented) new terminology. This may give rise to confusion among students and young scientists and specialists who do not practice immunology (immunological research).

Since much immunological work has been done in mammalian vertebrates, and aimed at the use of specific antigens to prepare specific antibodies and vaccines,, the classical terminology did not change. Lots of molecular work has been conducted in lower vertebrates, especially in fishes, and clarified that a bulk of immunodefenses is coming from antimicrobial peptides that were ascribed to the natural defenses of fishes during their development and in the adults.So the terminology, that is accepted by all the scientists, is the innate immunity.For instance the AMPS are often species -specific or family specific, and show heterogeneity: they also interfere with scavenger molecules and nitric oxide playing a role in local immunodefence .

Dear Giacomo Zaccone,

I completely agree with you.

I wrote about the terms that are used in Russia - R.V .Petrov, R.M. Chaitov and others

( "Non-specific immunity"; "doimmunnye - (previous immunity) - biological mechanisms of resistance to infection").. The term "natural immunity" in the Russian-language journals is also widely used.

Dear Pavel,

I am happy.Also the primary function of fish mucus is to carry diverse biologically active molecules that afford immunobiological function is lysozyme, proteins of the complement, cathepsin,haemoagltunins, galectin; this because it is simply a storehouse of the above substances coming from different types of cells and gland cells in the skin.Also serotonin was included in  this cocktail.You may refer to my 2001 chapter to Adv Mar Biol or a chapter by Smith and Fernandes in my Fish Defenses books, vols 1-2, Science Publishers, NH, Enfield, USA, or current literature.

Best,

Giacomo

Given that any immune response is a reaction to an environmental change Inside the biological body, all immune responses result somehow from experiences and therefore contain a non-innate (non-genetic) component? A 100% innate response therefore does not exist?

Note that all phenotypic characteristics (e.g. the immune response is an example of phenotypic expression) result somehow from 'genetics' and 'environmental' factors?

Example:

The extent of the immune response not involving antigens will depend on your body condition and is therefore environmental influenced. The extent of the immune response involving antigens will also depend on your body condition.

I therefore would follow Mr. Petrov not to use the terminology 'innate immunity'

Cheers

Dear Marcel, Piscidin is a widely expressed AMP in fishes(gill, skin,gut) and has an important role in development.Also AMPs are often species-specific, so could be a phenotypic expression.Fish, unlike other vertebrates, cope with changing environmental conditions(hypoxia, hypercarbia, pollution, etc.).In land species, such as the mudskippers, the immune responses should be a result of changing environmental factors.

see for reference : J Invest Dermatol 133:1140-1149, 2013

What would you have adviced as terminology instead of 'innate constitutive immunity' in following publication? Bactaria Killing ability as an observation instead of 'innate constitutive immunity' as an 'unjustified' interpretation?

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/02/08/rspb.2009.2138.short

Indeed I would agree with your proposal to use BKA instead of innate immunity, since this is the property of the immune cells.But we do not know carefully the mechanisms of immune defenses in the various classes of vertebrates, nor the function of the mediators in these processes.Thank you for the paper

To me, innate immunity is easier to be understood as a term contrasting to adaptive immunity, which can be differentiated by the genomic status. Basically, the adaptive immune will have to have certain modifications in the genome level. For example, the T cell will have to undergo a series of alternative splicing and randomly rearrange the TCR repertoire in the thymus. B cells also undergo somatic hypermutation to produce antibodies with better affinity. In contrast, innate immune cells will not have any changes at DNA level, the "innate" does not imply they do not change in any ways, but suggest they remain the same DNA sequence as any other somatic cells.

But after the studies got more complicated, this classification may not be suitable, so now we are more tend to use differentiate by the function and whether the immune cells need the "education" to be activated, which is why the iNKT cells and some B cells are now considered to be part of innate immunity, even though their receptors were all genetically modified. To be more specific, the formation of TCR for iNKT cells do need the genetic rearrangement, but the function of iNKT cells does not need to be primed to achieve full potential, so regardless the need of APC to activate them, iNKT cells are being considered as part of the innate immunity.

The immune response is closely related to pre-immune mechanisms of resistance  (nonspecific resistance of the organism- NRO).This is due to the involvement of the phagocytosis system (monocyte-macrophage system), complement system, lysozyme, eosinophilic cytotoxicity and other factors in the immune response, the first stage of which is pre-immune inflammation. Pre-immune mechanisms of resistance are determined by several factors of body protection, including biological barriers (skin and mucous membranes), microbicidal exosecret (gastric acid, intestinal enzymes, bactericidal components of saliva, hydrolytic enzymes, lactoperoxidase,  lactoferrin, vascular reactions (local edema), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, mannant-binding lectin), preimmune phagocytosis. Factors of  NRO are also bactericidal activity of blood serum, lysozyme, complement, platelet cationic protein (beta-lysine),  interferons, as well as endogenous peptides-antibiotics. Mental behavioral protection (rules of aseptic and antiseptic, protection from hypothermia of the body, exclusion of contacts with infected persons, etc.).

An important role in the provision of   NRO is played by the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as passive defense mechanisms, determined by the genetic control of the synthesis of cellular structures, and the like. 

The immunity system is primarily lymphocytic immunity, which provides immunological protection and determines the realization of such forms of specific reactions as the synthesis of immunoglobulins, the formation of various types of hypersensitivity, immunological memory, immunological tolerance, idiotype-antiidiotypic interactions.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220024568_PF_Zabrodskij_VGMandyc_Immunotoksikologia_ksenobiotikov_Saratov_SVIBHB_2007_420_p_PF_Zabrodskii_VGMandych_Immunotoxicology_of_xenobiotics_Saratov_Saratov_Military_Institute_of_Biological_and_Chemical_

П.Ф. Забродский, В.Г.Мандыч. Иммунотоксикология ксенобиотиков. Саратов, СВИБХБ. 2007. 420 p. P.F. Zabrodskii, V.G.Mandych. Immunotoxicology of xenobiotics. Saratov, Saratov Military Institute of Biological and Chemical Safety, 2007. 420 p.

***

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292374216_PF_Zabrodskii_Immunotoxicology_of_organophosphorus_compounds_Saratov_2016_289_p_ISBN_978-5-91879-561-3

P.F. Zabrodskii. Immunotoxicology of organophosphorus compounds . Saratov . 2016. 289 p. ISBN 978-5-91879-561-3

Book П.Ф. Забродский, В.Г.Мандыч. Иммунотоксикология ксенобиотико...

Book P.F. Zabrodskii. Immunotoxicology of organophosphorus compou...

Is it possible to agree with such an interpretation of the concept of "innate immunity"?

"One of the reasons why in the immunology as a scientific discipline differs a different interpretation of  terms and not always accurate use of  them even by specialists, linguistic. The main stream of scientific information in this field of knowledge in the XX century. Goes in English, which in comparison with Latin and Russian languages "takes care" less about the one-to-one correspondence of the term and the phenomenon of nature or object. Therefore, what habitually arranges English-speaking thinking does not always satisfy Russian-speaking logic. For example, the English language uses the term "innate immunity" (innate or natural immunity). 

By this we mean what we called pre-immune mechanisms of resistance, namely this is a quite definite list of cells, molecules and physiological mechanisms (bactericidal enzymes of biological fluids, phagocytosis, complement system, etc.). But not this matter, however, underlies the practice of ancient Chinese, Greeks, works of modern immunologists. What is at the heart of the practice of the ancient Chinese and the other researchers listed above, in modern English is called acquired immunity. To meet the needs of Russian-language logic, as well as following the concepts of the ancients, we propose to call matter, which in English is called innate immunity, not immunity, but resistance with the indication of a specific definition (adjective) - complement system, lysozyme, phagocytosis, eosinophilic cytotoxicity, etc.

And to call immunity that biological property, which corresponds to the verb-to immunize, the noun - immunization, the adjective - the immune. Behind this property is a special system of special cells that evolved later than those cells and their products that provide innate resistance to infections and invasions.

This system is the immune system."

Хаитов  Р.М., Игнатьева Г.А., Сидорович И.Г.  Иммунология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. -М.: Медицина, 2002.- С. 51.

Khaitov R.M., Ignatieva G.A., Sidorovich I.G.  Immunology. 2 nd ed., revised and additional. -M .: Medicine, 2002.- P. 51.

***

Хаитов  Р.М., Игнатьева Г.А., Сидорович И.Г.  Иммунология. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. -М.: Медицина, 2002.-536 с.

mechanisms of innate immunity

***

Sergeĭ Arturovich Nedospasov

Scientific interests:

mechanisms of innate immunity

cytokine physiology

genetic knockout in mice and mouse models of human diseases

cancer antigens

Sergei Arturovich Nedospasov (born 1952) is a Soviet and Russian biologist, an expert in molecular biology and genetics, immunology and biotechnology.

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 2003), majoring in "Biotechnology", Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since October 28, 2016), specializing in "Physico-Chemical Biology". Member of the European Academy. Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity of the Institute of Molecular Biology. VA Engelhardt, RAS, head of the Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences. A. Belozersky and head of the Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Scientific Supervisor of the Laboratory of Experimental Immunology of the Center for Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Nizhny Novgorod State University. NN Lobachevsky. It is included in the top 100 most cited Russian scientists.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87

Dear Pavel, recent info from my team is the discovery in the skin of amphibious fishes(mudskippers)the occurrence of dendritic cells that look like the Langherans cells of mammalian skin.They used neuronal markers(5HT, VAChT) and speficic(langerin) antibodies.

Giacomo

Nature. 2006 May 25;441(7092):431-6.

Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression.

Karin M1.

Author information

Abstract

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors and the signalling pathways that activate them are central coordinators of innate and adaptive immune responses. More recently, it has become clear that NF-kappaB signalling also has a critical role in cancer development and progression. NF-kappaB provides a mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer, and is a major factor controlling the ability of both pre-neoplastic and malignant cells to resist apoptosis-based tumour-surveillance mechanisms. NF-kappaB might also regulate tumour angiogenesis and invasiveness, and the signalling pathways that mediate its activation provide attractive targets for new chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic approaches.

(off topic)

Half a joke can blow one's mind if one's try to understand the meaning of a phrase in the absence of a precedent message motivating it.

NB: Do not pay attention, this is a conversation with self and with fresh viewers of a replicas (in memory of users who have left ResearchGate completely along with their messages).

By the way, I remember "карандашик" well, unlike the new readers of the thread.

And yet, "автохронный" here in one of my previous messages should be corrected for "автохтонный" (the autochthonous one). This almost does not change the meaning, just completely eliminates one of personal difficulties of translation (provoked by someone's else inaccurate spelling and uncharacteristic area for used term - psychology).

"Half a joke can blow one's mind if one's try to understand the meaning of a phrase in the absence of a precedent message motivating it."

Vasyl Fedorovych Komarov

Yes.

***

Probably, when there are no opportunities to solve important and actual problems, scientists are engaged in juggling with terms (formulate new terms that give nothing for the development of science).