Now I want to investigate student's scientific attitude. Most of journals used the questionnaire. It's difficult to find the article that used essay question-answer as instruments to investigate student's scientific attitude. Any suggestion?
It seems that you want to follow the Qualitative approach for data collection. There are many things to learn and consider. in the following link, you will find a start to write essay questions.
https://masscommtheory.com/2011/05/05/writing-good-qualitative-research-questions/
Writing Good Qualitative Research Questions
Posted on May 5, 2011by Gavin Davie
Got a great handout a while back that I stumbled over today, hopefully it’s as helpful to you as it was to me. Here are the steps for writing good (mass communication of course) qualitative research questions:
Specify the research problem: the practical issue that leads to a need for your study.
Complete these sentences:
“The topic for this study will be…”
“This study needs to be conducted because…”
How to write a good qualitative purpose statement: a statement that provides the major objective or intent or roadmap to the study. Fulfill the following criteria:
Single sentence
Include the purpose of the study
Include the central phenomenon
Use qualitative words e.g. explore, understand, discover
Note the participants (if any)
State the research site
A good place to start: The purpose of this ______________ (narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic, case, etc.) study is (was? will be?) will be to ____________ (understand, describe, develop, discover) the _____________ (central phenomenon of the study) for ______________ (the participants) at (the site). At this stage in the research, the ___________ (central phenomenon) will be generally defined as ____________ (a general definition of the central concept).
Research questions serve to narrow the purpose. There are two types:
Central
The most general questions you could ask
Sub-questions
Subdivides central question into more specific topical questions
Limited number
Use good qualitative wording for these questions.
Begin with words such as “how” or “what”
Tell the reader what you are attempting to “discover,” “generate,” “explore,” “identify,” or “describe”
Ask “what happened?” to help craft your description
Ask “what was the meaning to people of what happened?” to understand your results
Ask “what happened over time?” to explore the process
Avoid words such as: relate, influence, impact, effect, cause
Scripts to help design qualitative central and sub-questions:
Central question script (usually use only one):
“What does it mean to _________________ (central phenomenon)?”
“How would ______________ (participants) describe (central phenomenon)?”
Sub-question script:
“What _________ (aspect) does __________ (participant) engage in as a _____________ (central phenomenon)?”
Sources
Cresswell. J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. Principles of qualitative research: Designing a qualitative study. You can download the entire document
Psychologists have standardised tests to tap the aptitude of students, true questionnaires are the one way. This can be supplemented by certain open ended questions and some structured or unstructured techniques may be combined. Simulation can also be used. Hence mixed methodology may give you more broad perspective, best wishes, Waheeda
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